esa-sceva/llama3-satcom-70b
Text Generation
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71B
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Updated
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75
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1
Questions
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Antenna gain increases when the effective area of the antenna is:
|
Decreased
|
Increased
|
Constant
|
None of these
| null |
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
As BER improves from10^-2 to 10^-4 error rate changes by factor:
|
10x
|
50x
|
100x
|
500x
| null |
Option 3
|
Bit error rate
|
No
| null |
BER can be reduced by:
|
Increasing bandwidth
|
Decreasing transmit power
|
Using error correction
|
Decreasing frequency
|
Reducing antenna size
|
Option 3
|
BER
|
No
| null |
BER is typically tested using:
|
Practical transmission only
|
Simulation and tests
|
Hardware only
|
Software algorithms only
|
Theoretical data only
|
Option 2
|
BER
|
No
| null |
BER performance is plotted against:
|
Frequency
|
SNR or Eb/N0
|
Latency
|
Bandwidth
|
Power
|
Option 2
|
Bit error rate
|
No
| null |
Carrier to Noise Ratio (CNR) measures:
|
Power ratio of signal to noise
|
Frequency difference
|
Signal delay
| null | null |
Option 1
|
Carrier-to-noise ratio
|
No
| null |
CNR is often expressed in:
|
Watts
|
dBm
|
dB
|
Percent
|
Hertz
|
Option 3
|
Carrier-to-noise ratio
|
No
| null |
For BPSK in AWGN, BER decreases when:
|
SNR decreases
|
BER is independent of SNR
|
SNR increases
| null | null |
Option 3
|
Bit error rate
|
No
| null |
Higher CNR typically means:
|
Better signal quality
|
More noise
|
Lower signal power
|
Higher latency
|
Less bandwidth
|
Option 1
|
Carrier-to-noise ratio
|
No
| null |
Higher frequencies in the mmWave band result in
|
Lower path loss
|
Higher attenuation
|
No attenuation
|
Higher antenna gain
| null |
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
How does averaging multiple signal samples affect SNR?
|
Decreases SNR
|
Increases SNR
|
No effect
|
Converts noise to signal
|
Inverts signal polarity
|
Option 2
|
SNR
|
No
| null |
How does NTN improve 5G coverage?
|
By providing additional fiber optic links
|
Through integration of satellite and airborne nodes
|
Only by deploying more cell towers
|
By increasing base station power
|
By using WiFi hotspots
|
Option 2
|
NTN
|
No
| null |
How is SNR related to bit error rate (BER) in digital communications?
|
Higher SNR means higher BER
|
Higher SNR means lower BER
|
SNR does not affect BER
| null | null |
Option 2
|
SNR
|
No
| null |
If antenna gain doubles, received power will
|
Double
|
Increase by 3 dB
|
Increase by 6 dB
|
Remain same
|
Decrease
|
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
If the noise temperature increases, the noise power will
|
Increase
|
Decrease
|
Remain constant
|
Become zero
|
Be negligible
|
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
If transmitter power is 1 watt, its equivalent in dBm is
|
0 dBm
|
20 dBm
|
40 dBm
| null | null |
Option 3
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
In 5G NTN, what does NTN stand for?
|
Network Time Node
|
Non-Terrestrial Network
|
New Terrestrial Node
|
Network Telemetry Node
| null |
Option 2
|
5G NTN
|
No
| null |
In 5G NTN, what does UE stand for?
|
Universal Endpoint
|
User Equipment
|
Unit Equipment
| null | null |
Option 2
|
5G NTN
|
No
| null |
In 5G NTN, what is a feeder link?
|
User to satellite
|
Gateway to satellite
|
Satellite to satellite
| null | null |
Option 2
|
5G NTN
|
No
| null |
In a noisy channel, BER is influenced by:
|
Temperature only
|
Bandwidth only
|
Noise variance
|
Antenna gain
| null |
Option 3
|
Bit error rate
|
No
| null |
In link budget analysis, a fading margin of 10 dB means
|
10 dB power surplus to handle signal fading
|
10 dB loss due to equipment
|
10 dB extra antenna gain
| null | null |
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
In link budget terminology, what does G/T represent?
|
Antenna gain / Temperature ratio
|
Geographical terrain
|
Gain to transmission
|
Gain over time
| null |
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
In NTN, which parameter is critical to maintain link quality due to satellite movement?
|
Doppler shift
|
Transmission power
|
Antenna size
| null | null |
Option 1
|
Non-Terrestrial Networks
|
No
| null |
In the context of delay, which has the highest round-trip latency?
|
LEO
|
MEO
|
GEO
|
VLEO
| null |
Option 3
|
5G NTN
|
No
| null |
In wireless, fading results in:
|
Lower BER
|
Higher BER
|
No effect
| null | null |
Option 2
|
BER
|
No
| null |
Increasing noise power while signal power remains constant will:
|
Increase CNR
|
Decrease CNR
|
No change
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Carrier-to-noise ratio
|
No
| null |
Increasing SNR by 3 dB typically changes BER by:
|
Double
|
Half
|
No change
|
Triple
|
Quarter
|
Option 2
|
Bit error rate
|
No
| null |
On-board processing allows satellites to
|
Process data before sending it to Earth
|
Only capture images
|
Work without ground control
|
Transmit data without antennas
|
Operate without power
|
Option 1
|
Onboard processing
|
No
| null |
On-board processing can help in
|
Filtering out unusable data before transmission
|
Increasing the number of satellites
|
Faster satellite launches
| null | null |
Option 1
|
Onboard processing
|
No
| null |
Satellite buses are generally classified by
|
Orbit altitude
|
Mass and power capacity
|
Earth region coverage
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Satellite bus
|
No
| null |
Satellite user terminals must compensate for Doppler shift in
|
GEO satellites only
|
LEO satellites only
|
All satellite types
| null | null |
Option 4
|
Satellite User terminal
|
No
| null |
The beamwidth of an antenna is inversely proportional to
|
Signal frequency
|
Antenna size
|
Both frequency and size
| null | null |
Option 3
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
The link budget can help in predicting all except
|
Equipment weight and size
|
Prime power requirements
|
Maximum antenna size
|
Technical risk
| null |
Option 3
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
The link budget must be ______ than the receiver sensitivity for successful communication
|
Greater
|
Smaller
|
Equal
| null | null |
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
The main advantage of using dB units in link budget calculations is
|
Easier multiplication
|
Easier addition and subtraction
|
More accuracy
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
The noise figure of a receiver quantifies
|
Receiver gain
|
Noise factor of receiver
|
Signal attenuation
|
Power output
| null |
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
The noise power is proportional to
|
Temperature only
|
Bandwidth only
|
Temperature and bandwidth
|
None of these
| null |
Option 3
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
The term "fading margin" in link budget means
|
Extra power to overcome fading
|
Power loss due to rain
|
Antenna gain loss
| null | null |
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
User terminals generally use which kind of antenna for mobility?
|
Parabolic dish
|
Phased array
|
Yagi-Uda
|
Dipole
|
Omnidirectional
|
Option 2
|
Satellite User terminal
|
No
| null |
What aspect distinguishes NTN from traditional terrestrial networks?
|
Use of fiber optics
|
Utilization of space-based or airborne platforms
|
Use of conventional cell towers
| null | null |
Option 2
|
NTN
|
No
| null |
What aspect of a satellite bus affects its ability to maintain orientation?
|
Thermal control
|
Attitude control subsystem
|
Communication system
|
Power generation
| null |
Option 2
|
Satellite bus
|
No
| null |
What causes the fading margin to be included in link budgets?
|
To compensate for signal variations
|
To increase noise figure
|
To improve transmit power
|
To reduce interference
|
To improve bandwidth
|
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What characterizes line of sight (LOS) communication?
|
Obstructed path
|
Direct, unobstructed path
|
Multiple reflections
|
High attenuation
| null |
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What does "fade margin" help overcome in a wireless link?
|
Interference
|
Weather and multi-path fading
|
Cable loss
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What does a link budget calculate?
|
Useful signal power only
|
Interfering noise power only
|
Useful signal & interfering noise power
| null | null |
Option 3
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What does “trackingâ€
|
Monitoring satellite speed
|
Determining the satellite’s exact location
|
Sending commands to satellite
|
Data encryption
|
Signal modulation
|
Option 2
|
TT&C
|
No
| null |
What does “tracking†in TT&C refer to?
|
Monitoring satellite speed
|
Determining the satellite’s exact location
|
Sending commands to satellite
|
Data encryption
|
Signal modulation
|
Option 2
|
TT&C
|
No
| null |
What does EIRP stand for?
|
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
|
Electrical Input Radiation Power
|
Equivalent Isotropic Radiation Power
|
Energy Isotropic Radiated Power
|
None of the above
|
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What does Non-Terrestrial Network primarily refer to?
|
Underwater networks
|
Satellite and airborne communication systems
|
Fiber optic networks
|
Cellular tower communication
| null |
Option 2
|
Non-Terrestrial Networks
|
No
| null |
What does signal to noise ratio (SNR) represent?
|
Ratio of noise power to signal power
|
Ratio of signal power to noise power
|
Ratio of signal frequency to noise frequency
|
Ratio of signal amplitude to power
|
Ratio of noise voltage to signal voltage
|
Option 2
|
Signal-to-noise ratio
|
No
| null |
What does the acronym NTN stand for in telecom context?
|
Network Throughput Node
|
Near-Terrestrial Network
|
Non-Terrestrial Network
|
Node Transport Network
|
Narrowband Transmission Network
|
Option 3
|
Non-Terrestrial Networks
|
No
| null |
What does the Command and Data Handling subsystem in the bus control?
|
Only payload commands
|
Data processing, telemetry, and commands
|
Power regulation
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Satellite bus
|
No
| null |
What does the term 'bus capacity' mean in satellite design?
|
Payload mass limit
|
Maximum power generation and storage
|
Communication bandwidth
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Satellite bus
|
No
| null |
What does the term "fade margin" ensure?
|
Power surplus to handle fading
|
Avoids interference
|
Maximizes antenna gain
|
Reduces noise figure
| null |
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What does uplink refer to in satellite gateway communication?
|
Transmission from satellite to Earth
|
Transmission from Earth to satellite
|
Signal processing
|
Satellite tracking
| null |
Option 2
|
Satellite gateway
|
No
| null |
What frequency bands are often used in Non-Terrestrial Networks?
|
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) only
|
VHF and below
|
Ku, Ka, and S bands
| null | null |
Option 3
|
Non-Terrestrial Networks
|
No
| null |
What frequency bands are typically used by satellite user terminals?
|
L, S, C, Ku bands
|
VHF only
|
Infrared only
|
X-band only
| null |
Option 1
|
Satellite User terminal
|
No
| null |
What happens to a signal if SNR is less than 1?
|
Signal is stronger than noise
|
Signal is weaker than noise
|
Signal is unaffected
|
Noise is eliminated
| null |
Option 2
|
Signal-to-noise ratio
|
No
| null |
What happens to link budget requirements in non-line-of-sight conditions?
|
Requirements decrease
|
Requirements increase
|
No effect
|
Antenna gain suffices
|
Only noise changes
|
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What happens to satellite bandwidth if the modulation order increases?
|
It increases
|
It decreases
|
It remains same
|
It varies randomly
| null |
Option 2
|
Satellite Bandwidth
|
No
| null |
What happens when antenna's beamwidth narrows?
|
Gain decreases
|
Gain increases
|
Frequency decreases
|
Power decreases
|
Noise increases
|
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What is a common BER target for cellular systems?
|
10^-1
|
10^-2
|
10^-3
|
10^-6
|
10^-9
|
Option 4
|
Bit error rate
|
No
| null |
What is a key advantage of LEO satellites in NTN?
|
Higher latency
|
Lower propagation delay
|
Fixed position relative to Earth
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Non-Terrestrial Networks
|
No
| null |
What is a key challenge in implementing on-board processing?
|
Limited bandwidth on Earth
|
Radiation tolerance of processors
|
Too much ground station coverage
|
Excessive storage space
|
No network delay
|
Option 2
|
Onboard processing
|
No
| null |
What is a major challenge in uplink transmission?
|
Low power
|
Interference and path loss
|
High bandwidth
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Uplink
|
No
| null |
What is a transponder in the context of satellite broadcasting?
|
A ground station antenna
|
A device that receives, amplifies, and retransmits signals
|
Data encryption module
|
User receiver
| null |
Option 2
|
Satellite broadcasting
|
No
| null |
What is meant by 'symbol rate' in satellite communications?
|
Number of bits per second
|
Number of symbols transmitted per second
|
Number of satellites used
|
Satellite spin rate
|
Signal wavelength
|
Option 2
|
Satellite Bandwidth
|
No
| null |
What is meant by 'uplink' in satellite communication?
|
Transmission from satellite to ground station
|
Transmission from ground station to satellite
|
Satellite tracking
|
Signal processing
|
Orbit correction
|
Option 2
|
Uplink
|
No
| null |
What is often a bottleneck in TCP over satellite links?
|
Propagation delay
|
Data rate
|
Packet size
|
Error rate
| null |
Option 1
|
TCP over satellite
|
No
| null |
What is satellite bandwidth primarily used for?
|
Power transmission
|
Data transmission capacity
|
Satellite positioning
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Satellite Bandwidth
|
No
| null |
What is the common polarization used in satellite broadcasting to reduce interference?
|
Circular
|
Linear vertical
|
Linear horizontal
| null | null |
Option 1
|
Satellite broadcasting
|
No
| null |
What is the effect of increasing bandwidth on noise power?
|
Noise power decreases
|
Noise power increases
|
Noise power remains same
|
Noise power fluctuates randomly
|
Noise power is zero
|
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What is the effect of rain on the link budget?
|
Increases signal power
|
Causes attenuation
|
Increases antenna gain
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What is the latency effect of a satellite gateway in GEO satellite networks?
|
Negligible
|
Significant due to distance
|
Instantaneous
|
Random
| null |
Option 2
|
Satellite gateway
|
No
| null |
What is the main advantage of satellite broadcasting over terrestrial broadcasting?
|
Lower cost
|
Larger coverage area
|
Lower latency
|
Higher security
| null |
Option 2
|
Satellite broadcasting
|
No
| null |
What is the main benefit of 5G NTN for ships at sea?
|
High spectrum
|
Low power
|
Extended coverage
| null | null |
Option 3
|
5G NTN
|
No
| null |
What is the main function of a satellite user terminal?
|
Transmit signals to the satellite only
|
Receive signals from the satellite only
|
Interface the end user to the satellite network
|
Control satellite orbit
|
Provide power to the satellite
|
Option 3
|
Satellite User terminal
|
No
| null |
What is the main limitation of GEO satellites for NTN?
|
Limited coverage
|
High latency due to distance
|
Complex Doppler shift
|
High power requirement
|
Small antenna gain
|
Option 2
|
NTN
|
No
| null |
What is the main metric in BER performance curves?
|
SNR
|
Frequency
|
Modulation
|
Latency
| null |
Option 1
|
BER
|
No
| null |
What is the main purpose of a link budget?
|
Estimate antenna size
|
Measure noise power
|
Determine if received signal strength meets minimum requirements
|
Calculate modulation scheme
| null |
Option 3
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What is the main purpose of on-board processing in satellites?
|
Storing raw data only
|
Amplifying signals only
|
Processing and managing data on the satellite
| null | null |
Option 3
|
Onboard processing
|
No
| null |
What is the noise floor often expressed as?
|
dBm
|
mW
|
Volts
|
dB
|
Amperes
|
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What is the primary function of a satellite gateway?
|
Launch satellites
|
Track satellites
|
Interface between satellite and terrestrial networks
| null | null |
Option 3
|
Satellite gateway
|
No
| null |
What is the primary material often used for satellite bus structure?
|
Steel
|
Aluminum alloy
|
Wood
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Satellite bus
|
No
| null |
What is the primary purpose of satellite broadcasting?
|
One-to-one communication
|
One-to-many communication
|
Many-to-one communication
|
Data storage
| null |
Option 2
|
Satellite broadcasting
|
No
| null |
What is the roll-off factor in satellite bandwidth calculation?
|
Power loss ratio
|
Bandwidth expansion factor due to filtering
|
Satellite speed
|
Noise figure
|
Signal strength ratio
|
Option 2
|
Satellite Bandwidth
|
No
| null |
What is the significance of a high G/T ratio in satellites?
|
Low noise and high gain
|
High noise and low gain
|
High attenuation
|
Low sensitivity
| null |
Option 1
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What is the typical bandwidth of a satellite transponder in MHz?
|
1-5 MHz
|
10-50 MHz
|
36-72 MHz
|
100-200 MHz
| null |
Option 3
|
Telecommunication Payload
|
No
| null |
What is the typical unit used to express antenna gain?
|
dB
|
dBi
|
dBm
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What is the unit commonly used for power in link budget calculations?
|
Watts
|
Decibel (dB)
|
Volts
|
Amperes
|
Hertz
|
Option 2
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
What is the unit of noise figure?
|
Watts
|
dBm
|
Decibels (dB)
| null | null |
Option 3
|
SNR
|
No
| null |
What kind of gateway architecture improves redundancy?
|
Single gateway
|
Distributed gateways
|
No gateway
|
Satellite-only networks
|
Ground-only networks
|
Option 2
|
Satellite gateway
|
No
| null |
What kind of tracking do user terminals for GEO satellites require?
|
Fast beam steering
|
Slow, fixed pointing
|
No tracking at all
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Satellite User terminal
|
No
| null |
What modulation technique is widely used in modern wireless systems?
|
FM
|
QAM
|
AM
|
PAM
|
PWM
|
Option 2
|
Wireless communication systems
|
No
| null |
What role do synchronization errors play in BER?
|
Reduce BER
|
No effect
|
Increase BER
|
Fix bits
| null |
Option 3
|
Bit error rate
|
No
| null |
What unit is used to express bit error rate (BER)?
|
Decibel
|
Watts
|
Probability
| null | null |
Option 3
|
Link Budget
|
No
| null |
Which component in a satellite user terminal converts RF signals to baseband?
|
Antenna
|
Modulator
|
Demodulator
| null | null |
Option 3
|
Satellite User terminal
|
No
| null |
Which condition indicates a good quality signal?
|
SNR near 0 dB
|
Negative SNR
|
High positive SNR
|
SNR below -10 dB
| null |
Option 3
|
Signal-to-noise ratio
|
No
| null |
Which factor directly affects the required bandwidth in satellite communication?
|
Satellite altitude
|
Data rate and modulation scheme
|
Power supply
| null | null |
Option 2
|
Satellite Bandwidth
|
No
| null |
Which factor does NOT affect BER?
|
Channel fading
|
Bit rate
|
Temperature
|
Modulation scheme
| null |
Option 3
|
Bit error rate
|
No
| null |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
🛰️ Satcom Multiple Choice Question-Answer Dataset
Dataset Summary
SATCOM-MCQA is a human-generated multiple-choice evaluation dataset for Satellite Communications (SatCom).
- Around 1,000 questions with 3-4–5 answer options each
- Questions cover technical SatCom topics (e.g., link budget, BER, antenna gain, propagation)
- ~30% math-focused questions requiring quantitative reasoning
- Designed for evaluation
Key Features
Human-written multiple-choice questions
Covers core SatCom/NTN domains:
- Link Budget
- Bit Error Rate (BER)
- Antenna & Beamforming
- Propagation & Frequency bands
- Multi-layer NTNs (satellites, HAPS, UAVs)
- 6G integration
Includes reference links where relevant
No synthetic content or model-generated text
Intended Use
- Benchmarking LLMs or classifiers on technical SatCom MCQ reasoning
- Evaluating knowledge in satellite engineering, NTN design, and 6G research
- Testing quantitative reasoning in engineering tasks
Data Structure
Fields
question(string) — the question textoptions(list of strings) — multiple-choice optionsanswer(string) — the correct option (e.g.,"Option 2")topic(string) — the domain/topic of the questionmathematical_reasoning_required(bool) — if numeric/math reasoning is neededraw_latex(string or null) — optional LaTeX formulas
Example
{
"question": "Antenna gain increases when the effective area of the antenna is:",
"options": ["Decreased", "Increased", "Constant", "None of these"],
"answer": "Option 2",
"topic": "Link Budget",
"mathematical_reasoning_required": false,
"raw_latex": null
}
Source Material
Questions were crafted using academic and technical literature on SatCom:
- Link budget fundamentals
- Bit error rate calculations
- Antenna design and beamforming papers
- Publicly available academic reports
Example Usage in Python
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa")
test_ds = ds["train"]
sample = test_ds[0]
print("Question:", sample["question"])
print("Options:", sample["options"])
print("Answer:", sample["answer"])
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