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Indigenous Education Team Leads Impactful Blanket Exercise
On March 10 and 11, colleagues and I participated in a Blanket Exercise led by the Louis Riel School Division's (LRSD) Indigenous Education Team. This was our third opportunity as a leadership group to learn from the team in the 2021-2022 school year.
This engaging experience led participants through a very impactful history lesson from the perspective of Indigenous People. Beginning in the pre-contact era, participants stood on various blankets representing the lands of the First Nations, Inuit and Métis. As the narrators moved through history, the blankets were folded up, removed or moved to illustrate the destructive and enduring impacts of colonialism.
Throughout the session, participants learned about treaties, oppressive laws and policies, the Residential 'School' System, the Sixties Scoop, and current racist structures and practices. The facilitators from the Indigenous Education Team were vulnerable in sharing their experiences and the harms they and loved ones have endured and continue to experience.
The experiential nature of the session and personal accounts from colleagues created a poignant learning opportunity and a deeply human connection to our shared history. My hope is that this team knows that they are not alone and that they have the full support of principals, vice-principals, and the Senior Leadership Team as we continue this important journey. My hope is that the Blanket Exercise, as designed by the team, is a recurring learning experience for staff and students in LRSD as an exhortation to find the courage to accomplish the work on our mission toward truth and reconciliation.
LRSD leadership will continue their learning journey in April through a session on The Ethics of Hospitality Through an Anti-Racist Perspective and I will share back what I learn.
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Benefits of Dehumidification
Better Indoor Air Quality
High levels of humidity are linked with Building Related Illnesses (BRI) such as Influenza, Poliomyelitis Virus, Humidifier’s Fever (a.k.a. Monday Morning Phenomenon) and many more.
Moderate humidity levels permit the body to better facilitate its cooling mechanism, allowing for greater tolerance of temperature variations.
High humidity levels encourage condensation on surfaces, providing a growth medium for bio-contaminants such as bacteria, mold and mildew, of which may lead to respiratory illnesses.
Controlled humidity levels slow down food decomposition and can prevent damage to books, furniture, and artworks.
High levels of humidity soak up latent capacity of refrigeration equipment, making them less energy efficient.
- Compact Design
- Dehumidifying Capacity: 20/40/80L per Day
- Water Tank: 7.2 litres
- ‘Water Tank Full’ Indicator
- Auto Shut-off
- Timer-Incorporated Electronic Panel
- Completed with Casters
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The measurement and estimation of tuberculosis mortality
Tuberculosis (TB) ranks among the 10 principal causes of death and disability worldwide, largely on the basis of mortality estimates. These estimates have been derived by a variety of methods, from a limited database. Here we review the data and methods used to measure and estimate TB mortality in adults, assess the strengths and weaknesses of each and suggest ways to improve current mortality statistics. In principle, deaths attributable to TB can be obtained directly from national vital registration (VR) systems. However, only 59 of 213 countries in 2005 (including three in the World Health Organization Africa Region and one in the South-East Asia Region) had VR systems that reported TB deaths, corresponding to just 10% of all estimated deaths attributable to TB. Until comprehensive, national VR systems are established, an interim solution is to carry out verbal autopsies within sample VR schemes. The number of TB deaths from VR should ultimately converge with deaths recorded in national TB control programmes. At present, deaths in treatment cohorts cover a small subset of all estimated TB deaths (<13% in 2006), as deaths are missed among patients who are never diagnosed, who default or fail treatment, and among patients with untreated recurrent TB or TB sequelae. In contrast, some deaths recorded during treatment are not due to TB. To ensure convergence between cohort monitoring and VR, definitions of causes of death - including TB as an associate cause in deaths from human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune-deficiency syndrome - should be standardised, so that both systems adhere to the International Classification of Diseases.
|Keywords||Africa, Epidemiology, HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, Monitoring and evaluation, Mortality, Opportunistic infections/complications, Programme impact, Southeast Asia, Tuberculosis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, autopsy, cause of death, cohort analysis, data base, demography, disease association, disease registry, fatality, health program, human, information retrieval, international classification of diseases, morbidity, mortality, priority journal, review, short course therapy, statistics, tuberculosis, tuberculosis control, tuberculostatic agent, world health organization|
|Journal||International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|
Korenromp, E.L, Bierrenbach, A.L, Williams, B, & Dye, C. (2009). The measurement and estimation of tuberculosis mortality. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 13(3), 283–303. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1765/18083
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http://repub.eur.nl/pub/18083/
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en
| 0.878833
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One of the most common knee injuries are meniscal tears. Athletes, particularly those who play contact sports, are most at risk for meniscal tears. However, anyone at any age can tear a meniscus. When people refer to torn cartilage in the knee, they are usually referring to a torn meniscus.
There are 3 bones that meet to form the knee joint: the thighbone (femur), shinbone (tibia), and kneecap (patella). The ends of these bones are covered with cartilage. This is a smooth material that cushions the bone and allows the joint to move easily without pain. The cartilage acts as a shock absorber. Between the bones of the knees are 2 crescent-shaped disks of connective tissue, called menisci. These also act as shock absorbers to cushion the lower part of the leg from the weight of the rest of the body.
Menisci tear in different ways. They are noted by how they look, as well as where the tear occurs in the meniscus. Common tears include bucket handle, flap, and radial. Sudden meniscus tears often happen during sports. Players may squat and twist the knee, causing a tear. Direct contact, like a tackle, is sometimes involved. Older people are more likely to have degenerative meniscal tears. Cartilage weakens and wears thin over time. Aged, worn tissue is more prone to tears. Any awkward twist when getting up from a chair or stepping out of a car may be enough to cause a tear if the menisci have become weak with age.
1. Pain, especially when holding the knee straight
2. Swelling and stiffness
3. Catching, clicking, or locking of the knee
4. A sensation of “giving way”, feeling weak or unstable
5. Inability to move the knee through a full range of motion
These symptoms may look like other health conditions or problems. Be sure to check with your healthcare provider if you have any of these symptoms. Your physician will probably obtain x-rays and/or MRI to make a definitive diagnosis of your knee injury. An untreated torn meniscus can result in instability of the knee and lasting pain. The tear can become worse and it could also increase the risk of osteoarthritis.
Treatment for a torn meniscus can be nonsurgical or surgical depending on your symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on the type of tear you have, its size, location, and how severe the condition is. Nonsurgical treatment may consist of icing, medication to relieve pain and reduce inflammation, and muscle strengthening exercises. Surgical treatment would consist of arthroscopic surgery to either repair the tear or trim away tears in an area that will not promote healing.
Usually most of the rehabilitation from a meniscal tear can be done at home, although your provider may recommend physical therapy. Rehabilitation for a surgical meniscus repair is about 3 months. A meniscectomy (trimming the damaged area) surgery requires less time for healing – approximately 3-4 weeks. So don’t assume your knee pain is just old age. If you have any of the above symptoms, contact our office for an evaluation and treatment. No referral is necessary.
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Theresienstadt: Final Weeks, Liberation, and Postwar Trials
The SS and police used the Slovak uprising as an opportunity to round up the last of the Slovak Jews. In late 1944, shortly after the collapse of the uprising, the SS and police moved 416 Slovak Jews out of the Sered transit camp to Theresienstadt, as Soviet troops had already cut off the rail and road lines to Auschwitz. Another 1,031 Slovak Jews arrived in early April 1945, after Sered was evacuated. On March 8, 1945, between 1,070 and 1,150 Hungarian Jews who had been deported to the Austrian border the previous autumn, arrived in Theresienstadt. 37 of the Slovak Jews and 35 of the Hungarian Jews had died by April 15, 1945.
In December 1944, the SS reconstituted the Council of Jewish Elders in Theresienstadt. Jacob Edelstein, the representative of the Protectorate Jews had been deported to Auschwitz with the transport of December 15, 1943; the SS shot him there on June 20, 1944. The SS shot Paul Eppstein, the representative of the German Jews, in Theresienstadt on September 27, 1944, on the eve of the last wave of deportations to Auschwitz. This left only Benjamin Murmelstein, the representative of the Austrian Jews to assume the leadership of the Council, with Leo Baeck as his deputy.
In 1945, hoping to use the surviving prisoners at Theresienstadt as a bargaining chip for opening negotiations with the western powers, SS chief Heinrich Himmler, Security Police Chief Ernst Kaltenbrunner, and other SS leaders agreed, as a token of good faith, to the release of 1,200 Theresienstadt prisoners in exchange for five million Swiss francs put up by Jewish organizations in an escrowed account in Switzerland. The 1,200 Jews (523 German Jews, 433 Dutch Jews, 153 Austrian Jews, and 91 Protectorate Jews) reached Switzerland on February 5, 1945. On the night of April 14-15, 1945, the SS permitted Swedish Red Cross personnel to take the surviving 423 Danish Jews out of Theresienstadt on trucks bound for Denmark.
Between April 20 and May 2, 1945, Theresienstadt lost its unique character with the flow of between 13,500 and 15,000 concentration camp prisoners into the camp-ghetto from other concentration camps (primarily Buchenwald and Gross-Rosen) and subcamps. Most, but not all were Jewish. More than 9,000 held Polish or Hungarian citizenship before World War II, increasing the total number of prisoners in Theresienstadt over the 42 months of its existence to more than 154,000. In May 1945, the total number of prisoners in the camp exceeded 30,000, of which nearly 17,000 had been there before April 20.
After again visiting the camp on April 6 and April 21, 1945, the International Red Cross took over its administration on May 2, 1945. SS Commandant Rahm and the rest of the SS fled on May 5 and 6. Scattered German military and SS units continued to fight Soviet forces in the vicinity of the camp-ghetto, which became part of the battlefront on May 8. Soviet troops entered the camp on May 9 and assumed responsibility for its prisoners the next day. By the end of August 1945, most of the former prisoners had left the camp, to be replaced by ethnic Germans arrested by the Czech and Soviet authorities.
After the war, Czech authorities prosecuted several members of the SS staff, including commandants Seidl and Rahm, who were convicted, sentenced to death, and executed in Litomerice. Commandant Burger escaped to West Germany, and, though condemned to death by Czech authorities in absentia, he settled in Essen, where he lived under a false name until his death in December 1991. Of the Czech Gendarmerie commanders, Theodor Janecek died in prison awaiting trial in 1946, while a Czech court in Litomerice found Miroslaus Hasenkopf guilty of treason and sentenced him to 15 years imprisonment. Hasenkopf died in prison in 1951.
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Biologist Nathan Mineo
Did You Know...?
Eastern Red-spotted Newt Can Navigate
Written by Nathan Mineo
Reprinted from the 2011 Cape Ann Vernal Pond Team Newsletter
Photograph by Cheryl Briscoe
Did you know that
eastern red-spotted newts never have to stop and ask for directions? This is because they can’t get lost
. You’re probably thinking to yourself, “Why, do they have some sort of built in compass or something?” Yes and better! Not only can newts detect magnetic north
, they can, in a sense, “see” the magnetic field of the Earth. That gives newts the ability to orient themselves (as if with a compass) and the ability to determine their geographic position (as if on a map).
Scientists have done some pretty fun experiments with newts, trying to mess around with their ability to orientate and home. Most of the experiments involve subjecting the newts to various light conditions (short waves, long waves, no light, full light). One experiment even filtered certain wavelengths of light by gluing blue caps on the heads of some newts! The point of all these experiments was to figure out what mechanism enables the newts to navigate. The conclusions, as you might expect, are rather complicated and still aren’t fully understood.
As it turns out, light plays a large role
in the newt's detection of the magnetic field
. In fact, the newt’s compass is, in part, light-dependent. Newts have
(regions of the brain that receive certain wavelengths of light), which mediate their magnetic compass response. It’s proposed that newts use this complex light-dependent compass combined with a non-light-dependent compass to detect the Earth’s magnetic field and from that form a map with coordinates similar to latitude and longitude, thereby enabling them to know where they are, even if they have been moved, and find their way home. So, simply put, newts NEVER need to ask for directions. Photograph by Lynne Holton
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What’s it about?
The true story of how mathematics won the second World War. A socially inept mathematical genius called Alan Turing is employed by a government agency to break the German cryptographic systems.
What we thought
Dan says: This is the story of one of the greatest of human achievements. Along with Babbage and Lovelace, Turing is one of the parents of the modern age. While the dramatisations sometimes inch into the realm of misinformation any man, woman and child whose life benefits from the invention of the computer owes it to themselves to watch this exciting story.
If they don’t owe it to themselves, they at least owe it to Alan Turing.
Oh god, I can’t stop crying.
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Formation Of Esters Lab Activity
Educational Classroom Kits and Activities
Synthesize a Variety of Esters by Reactions of Organic Acids and Alcohols
- Introduces students to simple organic synthesis reactions
- Allows students practice stoichiometry skills
- Takes one 50 minute class period to complete
The reaction that is performed in this lab activity is commonly referred to as a Fischer esterification reaction. Esters are compounds that frequently have distinctive odors and are naturally occurring flavor and fragrance chemicals in many fruits and plants. In this lab, the smells of the esters produced will be investigated.
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Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50 countries, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the country has territory in both Europe and Asia), while Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 739–743 million or about 11% of the world's population. The most commonly used currency is the euro. (wikipedia)
Order printed version of this map at maps.com.
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http://europe.zoom-maps.com/
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en
| 0.937502
| 153
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Grey water recycling is the term used to describe the recycling of water from your washing machine, basins, shower and bath for use in your garden. Waste water from these sources is diverted to a filtration system and then to holding tank. It is then pumped for use in your garden.
The system eliminates the need for most households (depending on garden size) for additional garden watering from your main water supply. An average household (family of 4) will use between 200-300 litres of reusable water on a daily basis.
What you need to know:
- Total water consumption can reduced by up approximately 30%
- A payback period of two years is achievable
- It is not advisable to use your kitchen water as this is damaging to plant life because of the fat content
- The diluted residues, soaps etc in the water can provide useful sulphates and nitrates which some experts say is more beneficial to the garden than clean tap water
- Water is typically pumped to the point of need by a small pump system
- The system can easily be connected to your existing irrigation system
- The filter is easy to clean and maintain
- Storage tanks can be below or above ground
- DIY kits are available from most suppliers
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| 0.949486
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International Education and Resource Network (iEARN) -- the world's largest non-profit global learning network organization that enables teachers and youth from all over the world to work together on shared research projects, information exchange programs, and much more -- an incredible array of projects!
The Journal of Technology Education -- this collection of journals comes from Virginia Tech University’s Journal of Education Technology. The website provides extensive information on the topic of education and technology.
Virtual Field Trips and eField Trips -- What exactly is an eField trip? It is an educational experience in which students and teachers are able to use a computer and the Internet to bring the trip to the classroom instead of physically going somewhere. The trips relate to specific topics and grade levels, and there are often activities involved with the trips that make the experience interactive and truly get the viewers involved.
Books and Articles
Bain, A. & Weston, M. 2011. The Learning Edge: What Technology Can do to Educate All Children. Teachers College Press.
Bonk, C. 2010. For Openers: How Technology Is Changing School. Educational Leadership, 60-65.
Cummins, J. & Sayers, D. 1997. Brave New Schools: Challenging Cultural Illiteracy. St. Martin's Press.
Domine, V. 2009. Rethinking Technology in Schools. Peter Lang Publishing Inc.
Knapp, L. & Glenn, A. 1996. Restructuring Schools with Technology. Allyn & Bacon.
Lawrence, O. 2010. Global Internet Video Classroom: A Technology Supported Learner-Centered Classroom. TechTrends, 50-55.
Warschauer, M. 2011. Learning in the Cloud: How (and Why) to Transform Schools with Digital Media. Teachers College Press.
Films and Videos
Growing Up Online -- a Frontline production that displays the negative side of technology.
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CC-MAIN-2015-35
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http://www.ithaca.edu/wise/technology/
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| 0.853023
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Just over five years ago, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus killed over 750 people. SARS (corona)virus, a positive-stranded RNA virus, replicates in the cytoplasm of host cells, attaching its replication complex to intracellular membranes that it has modified for this purpose. In a study published this week in PLoS Biology, biologist Eric Snijder and colleagues report how they have used virus-infected cell cultures and developed a sophisticated method to preserve and visualize the fragile replication structures of SARS-coronavirus, both in whole cells (by light microscopy) and in sections of cells (by electron microscopy).
The viral replication complexes are made up largely of viral proteins and enzymes that we know very little about. The authors develop their system as a way to study these proteins and to work out how they interplay with the modified host membranes to ensure viral replication and spread.
Snijder and colleagues use electron microscopy and tomography to study these modifications, providing the striking images found below, which capture for the human eye the viral reorganization of the cellular infrastructure. The authors have begun to tease apart the complicated process of replication by these viruses by analyzing the effects of disrupting specific host cell components in the culture dish. Their results demonstrate the dependence of viral replication on protection by (or support from) the modified membranes, and open the door wider for the development of new antiviral strategies.
Citation:Knoops K, Kikkert M, van den Worm SHE, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, van der Meer Y, et al. (2008) SARS-coronavirus replication is supported by a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS Biol 6(9): e226. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060226
PLEASE ADD THE LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: http://dx.
PRESS ONLY PREVIEW OF THE ARTICLE: http://www.
Related image for press use 1: http://www.
Related image for press use 2: http://www.
Related image for press use 3: http://www.
(Images: Snijder et al.)
Eric J. Snijder
Leiden University Medical Center
Department of Medical Microbiology
Leiden, Zuid 2300 RC
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http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/plos-crs091108.php
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The rising use of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) in education—including distance learning, online courses and Internet-based curriculum and testing—has become a hotly debated topic. Some educators, experts and policymakers believe that technology has the potential to increase not just access to education, but its quality. Others respond that technology is too often imposed as a one-size-fits-all solution to deeper problems, and may actually divert resources and attention away from the real issues.
La integración de las tecnologías digitales en las escuelas de América Latina y el Caribe: Una mirada multidimensional (The Integration of Digital Technologies in Latin American and Caribbean Schools: A Multidimensional Appraisal), published by the UN Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the EU-backed Alliance for an Information Society, demonstrates that the debate is especially relevant in the region. The authors—Guillermo Sunkel of the University of Chile, Daniela Trucco of ECLAC and Andrés Espejo, an MSc candidate at the London School of Economics—have written a comprehensive analysis of ICTs and their role in the classroom.
But while they have moved the conversation forward in several important ways, their analysis suffers from noticeable and, unfortunately, common blind spots.
The report correctly begins with the premise that reducing the “digital divide” between traditional and highly connected schools should be a priority for Latin America. The authors acknowledge that “it is urgent to massively increase the incorporation of ICTs in formal education, since it is the most expeditious, economical, and widely available method of reducing the digital gap both between countries and within societies.”
At the same time, they are careful not to oversell the benefits. They note the danger of acquiring technology for its own sake, without strategies for using it effectively to improve actual teaching and learning outcomes. “The great challenge,” they write, “is to incorporate these digital technologies into the learning environment […] which goes far beyond purely technical advancements to touch on a wide array of other variables.”
The renewed push for quality is encouraging. It is a timely recognition of the growing consensus that the drive for access (to schools and to technology), while necessary, is not sufficient without quality. After all, what is the benefit if students are not actually learning once they are in the classroom? Unfortunately, prominent institutions have been slow to embrace this idea. Even the UN’s Millennium Development Goal of achieving universal primary education mentions nothing about the quality of that education—a lacuna many are seeking to address in formulating the post-2015 UN development strategy.
The report states that “a truly quality education must respond to the diversity of student needs and be relevant to their lives, in addition to providing for a common educational experience that provides all citizens with the necessary skills.”
However, this is not followed by any specific policy suggestions; nor does it address the inherent challenge of providing a “diversity” of educational options in systems defined by heavy regulation and monopoly government providers. The lack of practical specificity is a weakness throughout the book.
At the heart of the authors’ analysis are five factors identified as key to the effective integration of technology in the classroom: access, use, content, skill acquisition, and management. Several chapters are devoted to describing the state of Latin American ICT content, infrastructure and connectivity. While these factors are important, the authors only discuss briefly how these new technologies are affecting the classroom and can be better adapted to it.
Such exciting implications of the tech revolution (such as the way technology is flipping the priorities of the classroom, putting the student at the center and offering the possibility of data-driven school systems—allowing for outcome-based, not input-based, policies) are given short shrift.
Only chapters five and six—on skill acquisition and classroom management—provide original insight into the most up-to-date developments in education and technology, including the challenges of making full use of these new opportunities. In these sections, we are assured that “the mere introduction of digital technologies does not by itself guarantee improved academic results or learning.”
They then point out that “the difficulty inherent in the introduction of ICTs to the education sector lies in the lack of harmony between the teaching styles that currently predominate and the new learning styles that increasingly lie outside the mainstream of the teaching establishment. Most classroom teaching styles are presented in linear formats, based on a hierarchy with the teacher at the top, while elsewhere we see, instead, the success of horizontally based and collaborative learning dynamics.”
In other words, what we know about how kids learn—and how technology can help them—is increasingly at odds with traditional teaching methods. Throughout much of the report, however, it does not appear that the authors recognize the implications of their own conclusions.
Not until chapter five does the report address the “horizontally based and collaborative” skills necessary for the twenty-first century workforce, which are lacking in traditional education—skills like critical thinking, problem solving, persistence, and emotional intelligence. They stop short of connecting the importance of these abilities to ways in which ICTs could help students develop them.
The previous chapter looks at the influx of data as another technological possibility that can positively affect the classroom. As they report, more and better data on learning outcomes will have profound effects—especially by allowing for more personalized education that will enable us, in real time, to adapt curricula to the interests, aptitudes and progress of individual students. Unfortunately, the full implications of this are only hinted at.
The insistence on analyzing ICTs from a top-down perspective is the book’s key weakness. Technology is not something external that governments bring into the classroom and confer onto students. Unlike many other education reforms, ICTs are already embedded in students’ everyday life. In fact, the classroom is one of the least connected parts of their daily experience.
Latin American children are already enjoying near-constant information access, surfing wireless broadband, texting and messaging their peers and parents, and connecting on Facebook and Twitter. Mobile phone penetration in the region is around 84 percent1, while Internet use is at 43 percent2 (although high-speed broadband access is considerably lower).
The focus on high-level government policies, summit meetings, and regulations regarding access to education technologies fundamentally misses the nature of the knowledge society. Instantaneous connectivity radically broadens participation in all aspects of the economy and society, and the students of today need a new set of skills to navigate the new reality. Today, everyone can be a producer, a seller, a student, or a teacher, reaching customers or collaborators anywhere in the world. Sparking innovation, entrepreneurship and initiative is critical, not only for individuals, but also for national economies.
Government can help facilitate the transition from a commodity-based to a knowledge-based economy, but it must go beyond simply spending more money. Many Latin American countries are already spending at or above the OECD average on education, yet consistently place in the bottom third of international education rankings, such as the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA).3 Purchasing ICT for classrooms will not be enough. Instead, governments must work to transform the very way students learn. This means creating data-driven evaluation systems, pushing for the personalization of education and incentivizing attendance to reduce dropout rates. That means leveraging technology’s unique attributes to ensure a higher quality education for all.
The authors of this report correctly argue that we will need a better system to incorporate ICTs into our educational systems. But their narrow, traditional, top-down perspective and approach also reveal that the mainstream conversation on the subject is worrisomely outdated.
In our increasingly decentralized, data-driven, bottom-up world, we cannot simply plug new technologies into our old ways of doing things. It is time for the classroom to return to the forefront of innovation, rather than be constantly behind it.
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Facts about Scaling and Root Planing
Periodontal diseases (also known as gum diseases) are infections of the gums and bone that hold our teeth in place. Periodontal diseases are often painless. However, in some instances, if left untreated it can lead to tooth loss. You may not be aware that you have a problem until your gums and supporting bone are damaged.
The good news is that periodontal disease can usually be treated with a deep cleaning called scaling and root planing.
What causes periodontal diseases?
Periodontal diseases are caused by plaque, a sticky film that is always forming on your teeth. Plaque contains bacteria that produce harmful toxins. If teeth are not cleaned well, the toxins can irritate and inflame the gums.
Inflamed gums can pull away from the teeth and form spaces called pockets. The pockets trap plaque and bacteria which cannot be fully removed with brushing. If the infected pockets are not treated, the disease can progress. The bone and other tissues that support the teeth can be damaged.
Brush your teeth twice a day and floss (or use another “between-the-teeth” cleaner) daily. If plaque remains on the teeth, it can harden into a rough surface called tartar or calculus. Tartar/calculus can only be removed when teeth are cleaned at the dental office.
How do periodontal diseases develop?
Gingivitis is the early stage of periodontal disease. Affected gum areas become red. They may appear swollen and may bleed easily, especially when you brush or floss your teeth. The condition is reversible, however, gingivitis may lead to a more serious condition called periodontitis. Periodontitis can do lasting damage to the gums, bones and other structures that support the teeth. There are various treatments that can help. At more advanced stages, the disease may require more complex treatment to prevent tooth loss. In the worst case, teeth can become loose and may need to be removed by the dentist. How periodontitis is treated depends on how far the condition has developed and how well your body responds to therapy over time.
Diseases such as diabetes, blood cell disorders, HIV infections, and autoimmune disorders can lower the body’s resistance to infection. This can place a person at greater risk for more severe forms of periodontal diseases. Smoking may also increase your risk of developing periodontal disease, and treatment may be less successful if you continue to smoke.
Types of periodontal diseases
There are many types of periodontal diseases. People of all ages can be affected, from children to seniors.
Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease. It causes the gums to become red and swollen and to bleed easily. There is usually little or no discomfort at this stage. Gingivitis can be reversed with treatment in the dental office and good oral care at home.
Chronic Periodontitis is a form of periodontal disease that results in swelling and redness in the tissues around the teeth. Patients suffer loss of tissue and bone that may become more severe over time. In chronic periodontitis, pockets form and/or gum tissue pulls back. This is the most common form of periodontitis in adults but can occur at any age. It usually gets worse slowly, but there can be periods of rapid progression.
Aggressive Periodontitis is a highly destructive form of periodontal disease that occurs in patients who are otherwise healthy. Common features include rapid loss of tissue and bone. This disease may occur in some areas of the mouth, or in the entire mouth.
Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases is a form of periodontitis that is the result of a specific disease or disorder. Patients who have certain blood diseases or genetic disorders frequently show signs of periodontal disease.
Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases result in the death (or necrosis) of tissues surrounding the tooth and connecting bone. This most commonly comes with pain, bleeding, and a foul odor. These infections, in part, are caused by stress, tobacco use, malnutrition and HIV infection.
How are periodontal diseases diagnosed?
If you schedule regular dental exams, your dentist can catch periodontal diseases before the gums and the bone supporting your teeth are severely damaged. If left untreated, periodontal diseases usually get worse over time. During a periodontal exam, the dentist will check your gums for problems. The dentist or hygienist uses an instrument called a periodontal probe to gently measure the depth of the spaces between your teeth and gums. In a healthy mouth, this space is very small, less than three millimeters. When periodontal disease is present, the gums develop a deeper pocket that bleeds, collects more plaque bacteria, and is difficult to keep clean. Besides checking your gums, your dentist will assess your general dental health, and perform an oral cancer screening. Dental X-rays are usually taken to check the condition of the bone supporting the teeth and to detect other problems not visible during the clinical examination. If gum disease is diagnosed, your dentist may provide treatment or you may be referred to a periodontist (a specialist in periodontal diseases).
How are periodontal diseases treated?
Periodontal treatment methods depend upon the type and severity of the disease. If the disease is caught early (when it is gingivitis), and no damage has been done to the supporting structures under the teeth, you may simply be given instructions on improving your daily oral hygiene after having a professional cleaning.
Even with these measures, some patients develop more severe periodontal disease that must be treated. The first step usually involves a special cleaning, called scaling and root planing. In this treatment, plaque and tartar/calculus are carefully removed down to the bottom of each periodontal pocket. This treatment may be done over several visits, depending on your needs. The tooth’s root surfaces are then smoothed, or planed, to allow the gum tissue to heal and reattach to the teeth. This is sometimes called a “periodontal cleaning” or “deep cleaning” and may take more than one visit.
Your dentist also may recommend medications to help control infection and pain or to aid healing. These medications could include a pill, a mouth rinse, or a substance that the dentist places directly in the periodontal pocket after scaling and root planing. If you smoke or chew tobacco products, it is important to quit. Your dentist may also advise you to talk to your physician about any other health problems that may be affecting your oral health.
Once the scaling and root planing treatment is complete, another appointment will be made within a few weeks. At this appointment, the dentist or hygienist will look at your gums to see how they have healed and measure the periodontal pockets again. If the disease continues to advance to the point where the periodontal pockets get deeper and the supporting bone is lost, more treatment may be necessary.
Teeth may be sensitive for some time after periodontal therapy. When unwanted deposits are removed from root surfaces, your teeth may be sensitive to temperature changes, acids produced by bacteria in your mouth, and even touch.
This soreness can make you want to avoid cleaning the areas that were treated. But it is very important to keep brushing gently and flossing to remove the plaque. If this plaque is not routinely removed, root decay (cavities) may occur. Your dentist may be able to provide various treatments or recommend dental home care products to reduce sensitivity.
Periodontitis will not go away by itself.
Left untreated, surgery may be needed to save affected teeth. Preventing and treating the disease in the early stages are the best ways to keep your smile healthy.
You don’t have to lose teeth to periodontal disease. Brush, clean between your teeth, eat a balanced diet, and schedule regular dental visits for a lifetime of healthy smiles. Keeping your gums and teeth healthy takes a partnership between you and your dental providers. Without your help, by brushing and flossing and the proper oral hygiene at home, a healthy smile is not possible.
Will My Treatment Be Covered by My Insurance?
Check your benefits plan when planning treatment with your dental office. However, treatment should be determined by you and your dentist, not by your benefits plan. If your treatment is not fully covered by insurance, ask the dental office if they have payment options to cover the rest. Keep in mind that having periodontal treatment now may be less expensive than replacing a tooth lost to disease.
For More Information Please Visit www.ADA.org
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Yes, we all have more electronic gadgets than we can possible use in one day let alone at one time. And there are very few of us that can’t navigate around a keyboard. However, when you are trying to study and learn a new topic your handwritten notes and study sheets are going to help you more than anything that you’ve typed.
For whatever reason, one of the best ways to learn how to study is by taking pen or pencil to paper and writing out anything and everything related to your coursework, text or exam. There’s something about that “flow” as I call it that makes your brain absorb and store what you are working on as well as learning at the time.
So simply grab some paper, note cards, index cards and even sticky notes and use those to collect the main points or topics for whatever you are going to be writing or studying. This extra effort even if your computer, phone or tablet are near at hand will benefit you more than you know and your grades will also reflect that as well. And for those whose handwriting is tough, write it out once and then type it up into notes. Or use a tablet like the Samsung Galaxy Note Pro that comes with a stylus and can translate your handwriting into typed notes for you. It’s a more expensive option but effective as well.
As we’ve said before, if you do this throughout the semester or year, you’ll be ready when exams or finals come around. You won’t have to cram or stay up for all nighters (unless you want to of course…) trying to get prepped in time.
If you enjoyed this post please pin it to Pinterest, share it on Twitter or Facebook and stumble it on Stumbleupon.
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The name Scartho is from the Old Scandanavian Skarth+haugr, or “mound near a gap”. It appeared as Scarhou in the 1086 Domesday Book. [A. D. Mills, “A Dictionary of English Place-Names,” Oxford University Press, 1991]
The Church Clock
The rector of the St Giles church has prepared a visitors guide to the church, and within is the information that the church clock was presented to the parish by Joseph Grantham in 1921” in thanksgiving for the preservation of the village from destruction, and, as a tribute to those who were killed during the 1914-1918 war”. The German bomb that struck the churchyard in 1916 badly damaged the roof of the church that half of it had to be renewed and all the windows restored. However, the ancient tower survived intact, so that the church bells could be rung the next morning for the moring service. I climbed the tower from the entrance of the church and looked at the clock from the inside of the tower, with its brass plate.
Below are photographs of the clock from the inside and out, showing the commemorative plate. I was unable to measure the size of the clock.
The clock is shown in position on the wall of the church in the photograph that heads this section of memorials in Scartho.
Clock from outside
Presented by Jos Grantham to Scartho Church 1921
TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN MEMORY OF THE MEN OF THIS VILLAGE WHO MADE THE SUPREME SACRIFICE IN THE WAR 1914 – 1919
ERECTED BY JOSEPH GRANTHAM RIDAL ON THE 24TH SEP. 1916
A BOMB FROM A GERMAN ZEPPELIN FELL ON THIS SPOT AND 13 MORE IN THE PARISH. NO ONE WAS HURT THE CHURCH AND OTHER PROPERTY WAS DAMAGED
Left: Memorial amongst gravestones Right: Joseph Grantham Memorial
In the churchyard, surrounded by all the gravestones is a tall shaft of polished red granite surmounted by an urn, standing on a plinth of granite. This memorial to the day that the People of Scartho were spared from injury, when a stick of bombs were dropped from a zeppelin, was erected by a Joseph Grantham and unveiled on Thursday 23rd of September, 1920, almost four years from the day that the raid occurred, which was the 24th September, 1916. The ‘Grimsby News’, in its edition the next day described the stone being unveiled by Rev. J. Sheldon of Beelsby assisted by Rev. W. J. Russell, superintendant minister of the Wesleyan Methodists in Grimsby. Joseph Grantham, paid for the memorial, and T.E. Ridal stonemasons of Scartho Road, Grimsby supplied the stone and erected the memorial into position. The name of this company is on the memorial.
Below are some photographs of the memorial’s inscriptions, starting with the North side, then south side and finally the west side. The memorial measures 3160mm high, and 1000mm in circumference at it widest point. The 3 separate bases in ‘wedding cake’ style, measure from top to bottom, 410mm square, 560mm sqaure, 790mm square.
Oak Carved table in North Chancel
The same article in the “Grimsby News” of Friday 19th March, 1920 described a Carved oak altar table being in place in the sanctuary. This table had above it, carved on the wall of the church the following phrase “ Greater Love hath no man than this that a man laid down his life for his friends” There was also a bronze tablet in the sanctuary, which was likely that which was described in the faculty above. The Carved Oak Table is still in existence, though no longer in the sanctuary. Its place has been taken by another altar put there when the north aisle and vestries were built between 1954-1955. The table measures 1730mm long, 920mm high and is 630mm wide. Above is a photograph of this oak table.
I could find no trace of the brass plate as described in the faculty above, and there were no letters on the wall behind the present altar in the sanctuary.
Stone Slab Memorial in North Aisle
Every Friday a newspaper in Grimsby was published called “The Grimsby News”. In its edition on 19th March, 1920, the newspaper reported an event that had occurred the previous Saturday, the 13th March, 1920. This was the opening of the new sanctuary at St. Giles Church “A dignified and Artitisan Sanctuary” it described. It described a fine carved memorial of Portland Stone on the north wall of the church. This “carved monument” was unveiled by a Mr. Wallis, the father of Harry Wallis, the first named person on the monument on that Saturday. The “Nunc Dimittis” was sung along with a special hymn especially composed for the National Memorial Service held at Westminster Abbey. The monument was dedicated by the Rector of the Parish, Rev. Canon Markham. The newspaper article listed the names on the memorial, and placed the cost of all the memorials in the church opened that day as £187, of which £4 was collected that day in the service. The memorial was placed in the church by Mr. Ion, contractor, and the carving of the stone performed by a Mr. Frith of Grimsby.
In the 1990’s a list of names was placed below this memorial in memory of the service personnel from Scartho parish who had died in the Second World War.
Below are photographs of the Memorial, and then the inscriptions from the 2 World Wars.
St Giles Parish Church, Scartho, Grimsby
The Anglican parish church is dedicated to St. Giles. Parts of the church are of Saxon origin.
A faculty is the Church’s equivalent of planning permission. Before any plaque, statue, memorial can be placed in a church permission has to be sought from the Dicosean Advisory Committee. As far as St. Giles Church is concerned, before any plaque could be placed in the church, its design had to be first approved by the local church council and then submitted to Lincoln for approval. Faculty books may be found in the Lincolnshire Archives and one for Scartho is listed under the following reference:-
Extract from Page 387 Faculty Book 14
1. Provision and placing of stone slab on the north wall of the nave in memory of the men of the parish who lost their lives in the Great War.
2. The provision of a new altar table and panelling of oak with copper plate 3″ x 3″, with the inscription “Dedicated to the memory of Scartho men who gave their lives for their Country 1914-1919” in the sanctuary in accordance with the plan of Charles Henry Walsh of Grimsby – Architect.
On the 23rd September, 1916 a zeppelin dropped a line of bombs on Scartho which caused no injury at all, but did some damage. There is a plaque on a wall of a building in Pinfold Lane commemorating this attack. The building currently occupied by a company offering customers the chance to obtain a fine tan, is situated on the corner of Pinfold Lane and Louth Road, has on its side this stone plaque. It apears to be quite new and in good condition apart from grafitti in red paint. It would appear that the original building on which the plaque was inserted in 1920 has been demolished, and a new building erected in the 1970’s. A new plaque has been inserted in this new building.
The above photographs show the plaque and the building on which it is erected.
The other memorials in Scartho are all situated in St. Giles Church, Church Lane, Scartho, which lies off Louth Road. The church is usually open on Friday & Saturday mornings for visitors, and there are services on Sundays as well. The graveyard is always open for visitors.
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In recent years, the concept of college readiness—or how prepared a student is for college-level work—has received considerable attention, as many freshmen are struggling with the expectations of a university education.
There are several factors that contribute to a person’s college readiness. They include understanding and synthesizing the fundamental concepts of subjects like math and science, as well as the ability to write at a college level. The expectations for college writing are often more rigorous, and for international students, this can be further complicated by language barriers.
If you are going to be studying in the U.S., or are considering doing so, the following is intended to help you navigate the college writing world:
1. Source citation
One of the largest differences between high school and college writing assignments is your instructors’ expectations about source citations. Source citation is the process by which you indicate where you found information that you have used to support your argument. For instance, if you were writing about employment in the United States, you might cite a statistic about how many people are currently employed. Because you found this information somewhere else (rather than creating it yourself), you must indicate this fact. It is important to note that you do not need to cite content that is general knowledge—just specific data or ideas that are not your own.
In college writing, how you cite a piece of information is important. Nearly every field of study has its own citation style. These styles include the American Psychological Association (or APA), the Chicago Manual of Style, and the Modern Language Association (MLA). Each style has particular citation requirements, as well as a specific format for how you list resources and format your paper.
2. Footnotes and endnotes
If you have ever read a book or a journal, only to wonder why there are numbers and small blocks of text in the bottom margin of the page, you have encountered footnotes. In some cases, these will be included at the end of the work. (In this case, they are referred to as endnotes.) In general, notes are used to share information that the author thought was important, but not necessarily central to the primary text. This includes explanations of concepts or terms, additional facts that are not directly relevant, or anything else that will enhance the reader’s experience.
Using notes is a great way to include important information without over-complicating your argument. If you are not sure when to use footnotes or endnotes, read the sentence or paragraph in question. Then, ask yourself what, if anything, could be taken out without sacrificing the intent.
3. Comparative reading and critical thinking
Perhaps the papers you wrote in high school were more like reports than critical essays. (In other words, you synthesized a great deal of information, but did not critically analyze the material.) When you write a college paper, you will be expected to include information from multiple sources and to demonstrate your ability to reflect critically on what you have read.
Comparative reading simply means that you have consulted multiple sources on a subject, and have considered each in the context of the others. For example, if you were going to write a paper about the Vietnam War, you could read books written by an American soldier and a Vietnamese civilian. Although these two individuals are writing about the same subject, they are likely to have very different perspectives. Using your critical thinking skills, it is your job to give equal consideration to both texts.
When writing an assignment for a college class, the most important item to focus on is the content. Having said that, it is also very important to give your work a final review before you submit it. You will want to focus on aspects like spelling, grammar, and overall use of English (all of which affect how your reader interprets your ideas). Equally important, however, is to ensure that you have followed the style guide set out by your instructor. This includes the format of your citations, bibliography or works cited, and so on.
David White is a contributing writer for UniversityTutor.com, the world's largest global marketplace for finding independent tutors.
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Estimated reading time: 3 minutes
What is the OBC full form?
The OBC is an acronym whose important full forms are “Other Backward Classes” and “Oriental Bank of Commerce”. In this article, we are going to discuss the OBC full form in detail. The details about the “Other Backward Classes” and “Oriental Bank of Commerce are given below:
OBC = Other Backward Classes
The term Other Backward Classes is a collective word used for the classification of socially or educationally disadvantaged persons or communities by the government of India.
The government of India used several classifications for the population representation of various castes along with Scheduled Tribes (ST), General, and Scheduled Caste (SC). The OBC is entitled to 27% of the reservation in higher education and public sector employment.
In the year 1980 on the basis of the Mandal Commission report, there were 52% of the Indian population was classified under the OBC and after the National Sample Survey in 2006 the OBC population was determined to be 41% of the total Indian population.
For the welfare of the OBC population, Article 340 of the Indian Constitution made it obligatory for the Indian government to promote the welfare of the OBC’s.
OBC = Oriental Bank of Commerce
Oriental Bank of Commerce is a Punjab National Bank subsidiary, and the headquarter of the Oriental Bank of Commerce is located in Gurugram, Haryana. The Oriental Bank of Commerce was founded in the year 1943 in Lahore Pakistan by Sunil Kumar Pal and after the partition of India and Pakistan, the office was shifted to the Amritsar.
In the year 2019 in August, the merger of the bank was announced by the finance minister and in the year 2020 with the United Bank of India, it was merged in the Punjab National Bank (PNB) and making PNB the second largest public sector bank of India.
Also Read: NSA Full Form | What is NSA?
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February is Heart Health Month!
The heart is one of the most critical organs in the human body. In fact, it is divided into two pumps that works alongside the lungs to ensure that your body functions as optimally as possible. Blood from your body’s tissues and organs is delivered to the right pump of your heart. Your heart then delivers the blood to your lungs which remove waste from the blood and recharge it to oxygen for the body to utilize. This is the magic of the cardiovascular system which is why it is very important to fuel your body with the right foods to ensure you have a healthy heart! Unfortunately though, heart health has been an American public health issue for decades now. When eating a heart healthy diet, you should try to limit and/or avoid foods high in sugar, sodium and bad fats. Additionally, avoid food products that have been heavily processed. Two rules of thumb that I use when shopping at the store is if I cannot pronounce the ingredients or it it has more than eight, it won’t go in my cart. Instead, choose whole, natural foods that support cardiovascular health.
Try these 12 Heart Healthy Snack Ideas
1. Non-fat or Low fat cheese2. Fruits like apples, berries, pears…3. Veggies like carrots, celery, broccoli...4. Smoothies made with fruits and veggies5. Whole-grain toast with peanut butter (Almond butter is good too!)6. Seeds and Nuts like cashews, pistachios, almonds….7. Hummus with veggies like carrots or cherry tomatoes8. Low fat meat like salmon, tuna, chicken...9. Plain low-fat or fat-free yogurt (Pairs great with fruit!)10. Popcorn(Avoid processed but choose whole grain!)11. Whole-grain crackers with canned tuna or salmon12. Steel Cut oatmeal with cinnamon for flavor
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phonemic transcription of the Lao provides the reader with some idea of the poem itself, the sounds of the poem if you will, ... It should be noted that in Lao, words of the same basic consonant and vowel patterns (CVV, CVC, or CVVC) are stillanbsp;...
|Title||:||Papers on Tai languages, linguistics, and literatures|
|Author||:||Carol J. Compton, John Ferdinand Hartmann, Northern Illinois University. Center for Southeast Asian Studies|
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The UNESCO convention shall harmonize the global fight against doping in sport.
The International Convention against Doping in Sport was adopted unanimously by the 33rd UNESCO General Conference on October 19, 2005, and went into force on February 1, 2007, following the 30th ratification. UNESCO Member States are now ratifying it individually according to their respective constitutional jurisdictions.
The UNESCO convention shall harmonize the global fight against doping in sport. The international anti-doping Code and WADA’s role in the anti-doping activities are consolidated through the convention.
The convention is the first global instrument specifically aimed at doping in sport, and is a follow-up of the Copenhagen Declaration that was signed by, amongst others, Norway during the World Conference against doping in 2003. Countries that have signed the UNESCO convention have a formal responsibility to follow-up the convention and the international rules published through the World Anti-Doping Code.
Norway was among the first countries to ratify the UNESCO anti-doping convention. Norway also participated actively in the development of the Convention. The Ministry was represented at the Intergovernmental Meetings of Experts (Category II Meetings). Norway also provided a financial contribution to UNESCO, in order to ensure the drafting process of the Anti-Doping Convention.
Some of the central elements in the convention are as follows:
- to promote the prevention of and the fight against doping in sport
- to promote and encourage international collaboration in the fight against doping in sport
- to promote and encourage research in the field of anti-doping
More information to be found on UNESCO’s webpage.
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Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants on earth and also one of the most sustainable. It produces 35% more oxygen than an equivalent stand of trees and can regenerate from below ground rhizomes providing a sustainable forestry alternative for wood products without the need for replanting.
Bamboo is currently used to make flooring, furniture and clothing fiber. It is also an excellent material for use in skis, snowboards and skateboards for the strength and durability.
Bamboo shoots are also a popular food commodity in Asia and are beginning to emerge in the US. Several different species produce edible shoots each spring that are harvested and prepared in numerous ways in a variety of dishes and salads.
Bamboo in the News:
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Islamabad, May 3
Pakistan is seeking a joint mechanism with India and Afghanistan for watershed management and trans-boundary aquifer sharing to minimise the negative impact of development projects.
Watershed management relates to the land and water management practices that can help protect and improve the water quality, while aquifer refers to the underground layer of rock or minerals that holds water.
This is part of Pakistan’s National Water Policy, which also seeks to ensure 100 per cent metering of urban water uses, including drinking and sanitation, the Dawn reported.
The policy finalised by the government and the provinces was on the agenda of the Council of Common Interests yesterday, but could not be taken up due to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s political engagements, the daily reported.
The policy concedes that “the Indus Waters Treaty provided a mechanism for water-sharing with India, but its provisions on hydropower development across the Line of Control had the potential of threatening Pakistan’s water availability during low-flow periods,” the daily said.
The treaty also does not provide for minimum environmental flows downstream of the international boundary for the Eastern Rivers — whose waters lie with India — exposing the population living downstream to serious hazards, it said.
“The regional mechanisms involving more than two neighbours shall be explored for a viable solution to Pakistan’s growing vulnerability to hydro-meteorological disasters, owing to trans-border winter releases and stoppages at critical times of monsoon and during rabi and kharif planting seasons,” it said.
A mechanism shall also be worked out for sharing of trans-boundary aquifers and joint watershed management, including sharing of real-time water flow information.
A study would also be conducted to analyse the impact of challenges arising out of developments on the western rivers and examine measures to minimise the impact within the framework of the Indus Waters Treaty and international water laws.
The new policy acknowledged that water was a “highly under-priced commodity” and its prevailing cost recovery through cess was hardly able to meet a fraction of the operating and maintenance cost of the irrigation infrastructure.
The policy said that full financial sustainability shall be ensured to provide progressively safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
“This shall be facilitated by effective reduction in wastage, theft and reduction of non-revenue water and 100 per cent metering” while providing safety nets for impoverished communities.
A mechanism would be put in place by all the federal and provincial governments to charge all types of water use in order to ensure the recovery of the cost of repair and maintenance of water infrastructure. PTI
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<urn:uuid:b138d287-c838-407e-ad82-a5f82c25a475>
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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Of all the systems of the body, it is the immune system that acts as the body’s natural defense mechanism against disease. By monitoring the internal status of the body to determine what properly belongs and is healthy, the immune system sounds the alarm upon detecting the presence of foreign, non-compatible or even threatening substances. Upon sensing the invasion of some foreign substance, the immune system then determines if its presence is a threat–if it is damaging to healthy cells. The presence of such a substance such as a virus, would then signal an alert and demand a response. At this point the immune system creates antibodies–special cells designed to either neutralize or destroy the foreign substance within the body.
The immune system is one’s sensitivity to foreign matter and can be understood on a broader spiritual plane to refer to a person’s innate sense of self and non-self. A person is at home with himself–with what he perceives to be part of him. A person naturally recoils from what he senses to be non-self, some type of foreign invasion, be it on a biological level in the form of a disease or psychological in the sense of strange and undesired influences.
A problem of the immune system is therefore a problem related to the defense mechanism of the body. An extreme example of such a problem is in the case of an autoimmune disease, a disease that attacks the root of the body’s defense mechanism, rendering it unable to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy elements; unhealthy elements appear to the body to be healthy. Furthermore, the immune system may then experience such internal confusion that it mistakenly perceives the person’s own healthy body as the threat–the ally, or one’s own people, appears to be the enemy. In these cases, the immune system actually creates antibodies to fight against the healthy cells and organs of the body itself.
In the words of the prophet Isaiah:
Woe unto them that call evil good and good evil;
that put darkness for light and light for darkness;
that put bitter for sweet and sweet for bitter!
In all of the three psychological misinterpretations that characterize the nature of sickness, as depicted here by the prophet–evil vs. good, darkness vs. light, bitter vs. sweet–he who suffers from disease first sees the negative to be positive (evil to be good, etc.), and only thereafter, in consequence, sees the positive to be negative. And so with regard to the body: in an autoimmune disease, the body first misinterprets the invading, unhealthy matter to be healthy, and then continues to fight against its own healthy cells, as though they were foreign invaders.
In Kabbalah we are taught that the word “woe” (hoy) which begins the above words of the prophet refers to an existential state of “disappearance” of spiritual light and life force from the body. In particular, that life force that extended, through the means of the blood–the physiological system that corresponds to thesefirah of binah–to all the limbs of the body (in Kabbalah, from chesed to hod) returns and disappears from the body to its source in the unconscious realm of the mind. The mind is no longer able to affect the limbs, to permeate the body with the innate ability to understand what is good (for me) and what is bad (for me). As we shall see further, all disease relates to the well-being of the blood and the circulatory system. It is the function of the blood to bring “understanding”–binah–to all the cells of the body. “Woe” to the malfunction of the blood as reflected in the misunderstanding of the immune system.
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Bounty land grants – these were land grants that were given as a result of military service. In
Chain – a measurement of length totaling 66 feet. 1 chain is the length of 100 links or 4 poles.
Courses and Distances – system
Deed - written agreement between one party (Grantor - the seller) transferring real property (i.e., land) to another party (Grantee - the buyer) in exchange for a specified amount of money
Headright – also called landright, was a British system that was adopted by
Land entries – the first step to acquire land from the state or colony; this was a petition for a specific tract of land by the prospective land owner that has been identified as vacant
Land grants – related to land patents (below), land grants were the transfer of public lands to private individuals by means of a land patents. the term "land grant" corresponds with the term "deed" (although not the same thing) as both are legal documents with the transfer of lands written down.
Land patents – land patents are the legal documents granting land to an individual from the state, the lords proprietors, or the Crown. Land patents correspond with the term "land sale" as it is the actual selling of the land in question.
Land warrants – an order to the surveyor to set apart land which was loosely described in the warrant.
Landright - Also called headright, was a British system that was adopted by
Links – a measurement of length equaling 7.92 inches
Metes and Bounds – boundary (bounds) lines of land with their specific points and angles (metes). Metes and bounds were used in North Carolina
Poles – also called a rod or perch, this is a unit of land measuring 5 and ½ yards and is ¼ of a chain
Quitrents – a tax on land owned by the British Crown, generally 3 shillings for every 100 acres. Quitrents were abolished during the Revolutionary War.
Colonial Land Records (1600s-1763):
The earliest type of land records in North Carolina were left Headrights, a common land granting system used in all of the original 13 colonies. In North Carolina, Headrights were granted until 1712 when the practice was abolished in this state. In summary, headrights gave each grantee a particular amount of land based on the number of people they brought into the colony. Those people could have been slaves, indentured servants, or free men, women, and children - note that rules varied from place to place in North Carolina and also varied by state. Although land could be purchased outright during this time, obtaining land through headright was much more common. The practice of headrights was abolished in the 1740s. The best source for headrights in North Carolina is the book North Carolina Headrights: a List of Names, 1663-1744, compiled by Carolina B. Whitley and prepared by Susan M. Trible.
As mentioned above, during the colonial period land grants could be purchased as well as using the headright system. Land could be purchased directly from any of the 8 Lords Proprieter, who were assigned by King Charles II in the 1660s, and later by the British Crown. These purchases were known as Land Patents, which continued through about 1775. The land patents granted by the Lords Proprietors from 1663-1775 have been abstracted by Margaret M. Hofmann and published in the book Province of North Carolina, 1663-1729: Abstracts of Land Patents. Land patents granted by the Lords Proprietors from 1735-1775 have be abstracted by the same author and published in the 2 volume series Colony of North Carolina...:Abstracts of Land Patents. The first book, Province of North Carolina, includes all land patents granted by the governor and council under the authority of the Lords Proprieter. The list in this book is complete, but readers will note apparent gaps in dates of the grants. This is due to closure of the land office by order of the Lords Proprieter. The author states in the introduction that these records are "...absolutely essential to the study of genealogy and local history." Colony of North Carolina includes all land patents granted by the governor and council under the authority of the British Crown. The dates of the patents in volume 1 of the series are 1735-1764. The books have a gap between 1729 and 1735 due to the governor during that time (Gov. George Burrington, who was appointed by the Crown) did not open a land office. Therefore, there are no missing land patents between these 2 titles. It is important to note that land patents in Province of North Carolina through 1729 included all patents in the entire state, but patents in Colony of North Carolina include only the southern part of the state.
Margaret M. Hofmann authored a 5 volume series called Granville District of North Carolina, 1748-1763 : Abstracts of Land Grants. The Granville District was a large tract of land created in 1744 and owned by John, Lord Carteret, who became the Earl of Granville. The Granville District ran along the border of Virginia in the North from the Atlantic Coast with a southern border going west at 35 degrees and 34 minutes latitude from the middle of present day Beaufort County through the middle of Swain County. In 1729, the Lords Propieters sold their land to the Crown, all except one, which became Granville District. A land office did not open however, until 1748 due to negotiations between the Crown and the Earl of Granville. This 5 volume series gives abstracts for land deeds dated between 1749-1763. Another book by Margeret M. Hofmann continues the Granville District land patents with the book Abstracts of Granville Grantees, Halifax County, North Carolina Public Registry. This book covers Granville Grants from Halifax County during 1749-1763. With the completion of this book, Margeret M. Hofmann abstracted every land patent in colonial North Carolina.
Land could also be purchased from other land holders. Very few abstracts for land records during this period have been abstracted and published, but the original deeds during this time are located in the State Archives of North Carolina. Before 1763, only 27 counties existed (compared with the 100 counties that exist today) and 4 of those counties were later abolished. Some of the abolished counties have land records that are filed with the country that was created when it became abolished.
Revolutionary Period Land Records (1763-1783)
The practice of land patents during the colonial period continued through the Revolutionary Period. In volume 2 of Colony of North Carolina...:Abstracts of Land Patents, land patents included are dated 1765-1775. The land office in the upper portion of the state closed in 1763 upon the death of Lord Granville, and in 1775, the Crown closed land offices in the lower portion of the state before royal authority collapsed. Until North Carolina was declared a sovereign state in 1776, the first session of the General Assembly was created in 1777 and one of their first duties pass an act in November 1777 that allowed men who took an oath of allegience to the state to purchase land based on 50 shillings an acres and dependent on those in the household. A single man could purchase 640 acres while a married man could purchase 640 acres for himself and 100 acres each for his wife and each child. The process of receiving land patents during this time included making a claim on vacant land and if not contested within 3 months the claim would go to the county surveyor for permission to survey the land and thus create a warrant and plat for the land. The surveyor sent the plat and warrant to the secretary of state who created the patent. As you can see, there were several steps. Also, at times the surveyor could not find suitable land for the acreage claimed so at time and entry for the claim and the warrant had different acreages. Duing this time, there was more than just a land patent, but an entry for the claim, a plat map, a warrant, and finally a patent.
The Wataugah Land Purchases 1775-1782
Before the Revolutionary War, land in what is known today as Tennessee was sold by the state of North Carolina. Author Troy R. Keesee wrote the book The Wataugah Land Purchases, which discusses these land grants. This land in the book primarily deals with the locality that is now the northeast tip of the state of Tennessee in the following counties: Johnson, Sullivan, Carter, Washington, Union, and Greene. The land was originally settled by white squatters and the first settler is often credited as Capt. William Bean who settled on a tributary of the Watauga river in what is today known as Washington County, TN. The land was purchased from the local Cherokee tribe and deeded to Charles Robertson who represented the Wataugah settlement. The cost of the purchase was £2000. Land from this purchase was sold to individuals who were among the first white settlers in what is now Tennessee.
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CC-MAIN-2015-32
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Wales has fallen further behind in a worldwide assessment of pupils' maths, reading and science skills.
Welsh pupils are again behind their counterparts in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland in all three areas, and are below the global average in those areas.
Results from the so-called PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) tests, sat by 15-year-old pupils around the world last year, have been published today by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Wales is now ranked 43rd out of 68 countries for maths, 41st for reading, and 36th for science - all lower positions than when the tests were last held in 2009.
The Welsh Government has previously targeted the top 20 positions of the influential league tables when the next tests are sat in 2015.
Our weekly look at First Minister's Questions.
Visit the OECD's website to try some sample questions.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.itv.com/news/wales/update/2013-12-03/wales-falls-further-in-global-pisa-education-rankings/
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Although zebrafish continue to increase in popularity as a vertebrate animal model for biomedical research, chronic infectious diseases in laboratory populations remain prevalent. The presence of pathogens such as Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, a parasitic nematode found in the intestine of infected zebrafish, can significantly influence experimental endpoints and negatively impact reproducibility of research findings. Thus, there is a need for screening tests for zebrafish with the sensitivity to detect even low levels of pathogens present in tissues. Assays based on the detection of DNA are commonly used for such screening tests. Newer technologies such as digital PCR provide an opportunity to improve the sensitivity and precision of these assays, so they can be reliably used to detect pathogen DNA in water, reducing the need for lethal testing. We have designed a qPCR-based assay with the sensitivity to detect less than 5 copies of the P. tomentosa SSU-rDNA gene in tissues of infected zebrafish and environmental DNA from aquarium water housing infected fish. In addition, we adapted this test to a dPCR platform to provide a precise quantification of P. tomentosa DNA and demonstrate the resistance of this assay to inhibitors commonly found in freshwater aquaria.
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://vetmed.oregonstate.edu/biblio/detection-parasitic-nematode-pseudocapillaria-tomentosa-zebrafish-tissues-and-environmental
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Free Essay On Kant's Moral Theory Vs. Utilitarianism
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Philosophy dedicated a great attention to the question of morality and its social determination. The most famous philosophers tried to answer this eternal question from different points of view. The essay is going to determine the main difference between two philosophical concepts: utilitarianism, discovered by Mill, and Kant’s moral theory.
Utilitarianism is a moral theory, which was founded by Bentham in 1780 and presented in his main work Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Later, in 1864, it was developed by Mill, who formulated its main aspects. His determination of the theory boiled down to a principle of final benefit. Mill underlined that its effects have to be spread as widely as possible. According to the authors of the theory, it also presupposes that people, who make moral choices, have to seek benefits for themselves and those whom they care about (Mill, 1951, p. 118). Thus, Utilitarianism supports the idea of the best evaluated choice and its consequences that presuppose a satisfaction of the needs of the greatest amount of people.
Solving only the question of achieving good, Utilitarianism has opposite ideas to the Kant’s moral theory. The method proposed by Kant, in comparison with the Utilitarianism, has a much higher degree of idealization, because Kant's morality is not regarded as a mean to ensure greater happiness. It can only check the individual intentions in terms of its degree of selfishness, but it says nothing about what it means to be moral in a positive sense. According to Kant, morality cannot be regarded only as a way to achieve a result (Landau, 2010, p. 109). In this interpretation morality becomes a purely technical and pragmatic task. Moral demands cannot be reduced to any technical requirements that specify only the best way to achieve the goal.
In conclusion, it is important to underline that the main difference between two philosophical theories is the view on the morality of both of them and their final implementation.
Mill, J. (1951). Utilitarianism, Liberty, and Representative government. New York: Dutton.
Landau, R. (2010). "Immanuel Kant, The Good Will and the Categorical Imperative." In The ethical life: Fundamental readings in ethics and moral problems. New York: Oxford University Press.
Please remember that this paper is open-access and other students can use it too.
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Melanoma survival rate 'dependent on location'
Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have suggested that melanoma survival depends on where the skin cancer first appears. A study of 51,704 previous melanoma cases in the US found that melanomas occurring on the scalp or neck led to death at nearly twice the rate of melanomas on other parts of the body. While it was previously thought that scalp and neck skin cancers have a worse prognosis as they are often diagnosed later than other forms of the disease, the new study took this into account and still showed a clear difference in survival rates. As a result, Dr Nancy Thomas, associate professor of dermatology in the UNC School of Medicine, a member of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and the study's senior author, has advised doctors to take extra care when examining patients for signs of skin cancer. "Only six per cent of melanoma patients present with the disease on the scalp or neck, but those patients account for ten per cent of melanoma deaths. That's why we need to take extra time to look at the scalp during full-skin examinations," she said. This view was reinforced by Dr Alison Ross, Cancer Research UK's science information officer, who said: "Melanomas can grow anywhere on the body so it?s crucial to check all areas of your skin regularly for any unusual changes, as the disease is much easier to treat when it?s spotted earlier. And this study is a good reminder for people to check in places that are hard to reach, like the scalp and neck. "Cancer Research UK advises that people report any changes in size, shape or colour of a mole, freckle or a normal patch of skin that happen over weeks or months promptly to their GP. Those most at risk of skin cancer are people with fair skin, lots of moles or freckles or a family history of the disease." Researchers found that the five-year survival rate for scalp or neck melanoma patients was 83 per cent, compared to 92 per cent for patients with melanomas in other areas.
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CC-MAIN-2019-39
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https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/cancer-news/news-report/2008-04-25-melanoma-survival-rate-dependent-on-location
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This program is a part of the Middleman System (mdm).
Each line of the iospec file specifies the I/O behavior of a program, unless the line starts with a '#' character, in which case the line is treated as comments and ignored. The format is as follows:
program names the program whose behavior you are specifying. For each spec element, the first character indicates usage, and the remaining characters indicate resource.
A resource that starts with a '-' character represents the argument of the corresponding program option. A resource that is an empty string represents a program argument. A resource that is not empty and does not start with a '-' character represents the resource string itself.
A usage is typically an upper-case character. If two commands access the same resource with different usage, mdm-master will not run these two commands at the same time. Furthermore, if a command access a resource with 'W' usage, mdm-master will not run it with any command that access the same resource in any way (including 'W'). There is a special case: if usage is '0' and resource starts with a '-' character, it means that the resource program option does not take any arguments.
All programs has an implicit spec 'Rglobal', so if you mark a program as 'Wglobal', it will not run while any other command is running.
Here is an example to help clarify matters. Suppose we have the following iospec file:
Then these two commands can run at the same time:
These two commands cannot run at the same time:
And these two commands also cannot run at the same time:
Since we run find under mdm.screen and invoking gunzip under mdm-run, we specify that we wish to run the gunzip commands in parallel.
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CC-MAIN-2015-14
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http://www.makelinux.net/man/1/M/mdm.screen
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en
| 0.900283
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PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VALUE ORIENTATION SYSTEM OF ARMENIANS IN TITLE ETHNOS AND RUSSIAN DIASPORA
The article substantiates the importance and relevance of studies on ethnic identity and value orientations, since they predetermine the assimilation of the spiritual culture of society, the formation of value orientations significantly contributes to the development of the individual. For that goal, a study was conducted with 160 bachelor and master students (ethnic Armenians and Russians living in Russia and Armenia) with a use of Twenty Statements Test and Schwartz’s Value Survey. The results of the study allowed us to describe common characteristics of the value-semantic aspect of the ethnic identity in Armenian and Russian title ethnos and diaspora. Thus, we aimed to describe of the process of identifying and assigning the values in Armenians as a dual process: the acceptance of values, the norms of the group with which a person is identified; the comparison of himself and his group with others, which has a positive impact on the cohesion of his group.
Abakumova, I. V., Ermakov, P. N., & Kolesina, K. Y. (2016). On analyzing the results of empirical research into the life-purpose orientations of adults of various ethnic identities and religious affiliati. Psychology in Russia, 9(1), 155. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0111
Berberyan, A. S., & Berberyan, H. S. (2016). Ethnopsychological aspects of the meaning-of-life and value orientations of Armenian and Russian students. Psychology in Russia, 9(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0109
Berberyan, A., & Gabrielyan, R. (2019). Ethnocultural Identity and Values of Leadership Among the Youth. In Sustainable Leadership for Entrepreneurs and Academics (pp. 57-63). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15495-0_6
Fromm, E. (2013). The art of listening. Open Road Media.
Kuhn, M. H., & McPartland, T. S. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American sociological review, 19(1), 68-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088175
Lebedeva, N., Tatarko, A., & Berry, J. W. (2016). Intercultural relations among migrants from Caucasus and Russians in Moscow. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 52, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.03.001
Leontiev, D. (2017). Converging paths toward meaning. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 30(1), 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2015.1119089
Soldatova, G., & Geer, M. (2013). “Glocal” Identity, Cultural Intelligence and Language Fluency. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 86, 469-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.599
Stefanenko, T. G., & Kupavskaya, A. S. (2010). Ethno-cultural competence as a component of competence in communication. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 3, 550-564. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2010.0027
Tajfel, H. (Ed.). (2010). Social identity and intergroup relations (Vol. 7). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13213-2_75
Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental psychology, 18(3), 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-16184.108.40.2061
Copyright (c) 2019 International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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Making your kid do their chores won’t mean that they will excel at the task and actually do a good job in most cases, but it’s worth the patience as it will help them grow into successful adults.
And it’s worth the effort indeed, considering that we all have our chores no matter our age. If you teach your children to do their chores from a young age, they will be able to learn to cope with these tasks when more difficult challenges come.
Which is more, learning to do your chores means learning to build a work ethic that will reflect later in your professional environment.
The Harvard Grant Study that has spanned over 75 years has identified that success is directly related to work ethic, and the best way to help your children develop it is through nurturing one important thing:
The ‘pitch-in’ mindset
In other words, the ability to pitch in the task and stay with it until you have finished it. And for children, as Julie Lythcott-Haims notes, this mindset can be nurtured by teaching them to take responsibility for their chores as soon as possible.
“Professional success in life, which is what we want for our kids … comes from having done chores as a kid,” she explains in her 20XX TED Talk.
“The earlier you started, the better,” as this kind of mindset will help your child to grasp the challenges in life as they come. “[A] roll-up-your-sleeves- and-pitch-in mindset, a mindset that says, there’s some unpleasant work, someone’s got to do it, it might as well be me … that that’s what gets you ahead in the workplace.”
And this mindset can be learned through chores very easily. In the end, who wants to do them gladly? We just roll up our sleeves and say, “let’s do it,” because nobody else will. This is the mindset that will help your child conquer every obstacle that might occur in their adult life, and especially in their careers, where (we all know) that things can often get rough and tough.
And which is more, teaching your child to do these tasks will help them to cope with the upcoming challenges one by one instead of having to face them all at once when they start living on their own.
Of course, there’s a catch
If you think that your child will do an excellent job cleaning the floor, doing the dishes, or doing their laundry, you are in for some really big surprises. You will see some cute clumsy action and in the end, you will have to clean up yourself.
The point is not to hire your kids as your perfect helpers (although they will become ones soon enough), but to help them develop these habits gradually and learn to improve each time. And the main goal of it all (never forget) is nurturing in them the idea that there are some things that need to be done, and that they are in charge of these things right now.
As Lythcott-Haims says: “By making them do chores — taking out the garbage, doing their own laundry — they realize I have to do the work of life in order to be part of life. It’s not just about me and what I need in this moment.”
Watch her TED talk on How to Raise Successful Kids – Without Overparenting below and don’t forget to spread the awareness!
Image copyright alenkasm / 123RF Stock Photo
A professional writer with over a decade of incessant writing skills. Her topics of interest and expertise range from psychology, to all sorts of disciplines such as science and news.
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Sports Physical May Also Be Known as:
- Preparticipation physical examination
- Preparticipation screening
What is a Sports Physical?
If you or your child participates in recreational sports, a sports physical is likely required before the first practice. And even if it’s not mandatory, before you sign up for that after-work kickball league, its best to receive a physical to ensure you’re healthy enough to participate. And not only will a physical make sure you’re fit enough to take part, but it will also make you aware of any conditions you have that you should be aware of before you get in the game.
4 Reasons You Would Need a Sports Physical
1. Assess Fitness Level
Each sport has its own set of fitness standards. For instance, high school football teams may require players to demonstrate good upper and lower body strength to help prevent the occurrence of serious injuries during collision. A sports physical can assess your child’s overall fitness level and determine whether they can safely play certain sports.
Assessing your child’s fitness level can also help your doctor and child’s sports coach find the right fit for your child in terms of the best sport and playing position. Kids with higher than average fitness levels might be given opportunities to play multiple positions and sports, while kids with lower fitness levels and physical strength might be urged to take part in certain sports that pose a lower risk for collision and injuries. A sports physical allows you and your child to consult with the doctor about the best options that benefit your child’s overall health, safety, and wellness.
2. Prevent Illness and Injury
Sports and exercise of any kind can lead to illness and injury, regardless of a person’s age or fitness level. Without the right education and preparation, sprains, strains, fractures, concussions, and heat stroke are just some of the things your child could experience during school sports. A sports physical allows your child to be screened for any potential problems that could increase the risk for illness and injury while playing sports.
During the physical, the doctor might provide you and your child with tips that can enhance their sports training and lower the risk for injury. For instance, taking frequent water breaks prevents dehydration and heat stroke, while stretching after practice helps prevent muscle tightness and strains. The doctor might tailor tips and recommendations to your child’s health history: for example, suggesting they strengthen their legs if they have a history of shin splints or runner’s knee. A sports physical can enhance your child’s sports performance and help them excel at their chosen sport.
3. Identify Special Health Needs
Some kids have certain health conditions that require close medical supervision during practice and games to prevent accidents and injury. For instance, kids with asthma need inhalers on hand to improve breathing and potentially combat asthma attacks. A sports physical helps your doctor identify special health needs your child might have so these needs can be taken into consideration by teachers, coaches, and other adults who work with and train your child. Most health conditions do not prevent your child from being able to play school sports, but they might require medical supervision.
4. Fulfill School Requirement
Many schools require all children to receive a sports physical before being allowed to participate in sports. Prior to the sports season or school year, the school may provide your child with the necessary paperwork for the sports physical. Your child must bring this paperwork to the doctor at the time of their appointment so the doctor can complete the necessary fields proving your child has been examined and is cleared to play sports.
Understanding a Sports Physical
A sports physical, similar to an annual physical or school physical, assesses your child’s overall health, but also looks at their fitness level to determine whether they can safely play and participate in school sports. During a sports physical, the doctor reviews your family’s medical history and screens your child for any existing medical conditions that may be affected by sports. A sports physical can also alert parents and doctors to newly developed symptoms or medical conditions that can be treated and/or reversed in their early stages so they don’t interfere with your child’s overall health and sports performance.
Risks of a Sports Physical
A sports physical is noninvasive and consists of a series of small tests that pose no risks. During the exam, the doctor records height, weight, blood pressure, and pulse, and evaluates your child’s posture, strength, and flexibility. The doctor might test your child’s vision and hearing and check their ears, nose, throat, heart, lungs, and abdomen for signs of abnormalities that could signal serious medical conditions.
During a sports physical, the doctor may also ask your child or teen questions pertaining to puberty, sexual activity, and drug and alcohol use. These questions cause some kids to feel awkward and uncomfortable, but they are intended to uncover factors that could have a serious impact on the child’s physical, emotional, and mental health.
What to Expect With a Sports Physical
A sports physical usually takes about 30 minutes. At the beginning of the appointment, the doctor takes your child’s blood pressure and pulse readings and documents their height and weight. The doctor also conducts a fitness check to evaluate your child’s joints, strength, posture, and flexibility. Your child’s lungs, heart, and abdomen are checked to make sure medical conditions such as asthma and hernias won’t interfere with their safety or sports performance.
The doctor reviews family medical history to learn about any diseases and medical conditions that may run in the family and affect your child’s health and sports play. Hearing and eye exams might take place during a sports physical, especially if your child wears glasses or corrective lenses.
Questions to Ask Your Doctor About a Sports Physical
- How should I prepare for a sports physical?
- Can a sports physical also be used as a school physical?
- When should my child get a sports physical?
- How long is my child’s sports physical valid?
- What happens if my child doesn’t pass the sports physical?
- National Library of Medicine. Preparticipation Screening — The Sports Physical Therapy Perspective. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625797/
- National Library of Medicine. Sports Injuries. https://medlineplus.gov/sportsinjuries.html
- National Library of Medicine. Shin splints - self-care. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000654.htm
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Walter Owen Bentley was born in 1888 as ninth of 11 siblings. He started off with locomotives working as apprentice for the Great Northern Railway and racing motorcycles in his spare time before turning to cars in 1910. In 1912 he, together with a brother, bought a company that imported products from a little French car manufacturer known as DFP. Bentley started to upgrade the engines and entered the cars in races to make them better known. Bentley was among the first ever to make aluminium pistons for car engines, and the first to have it in a production car.
During the First World War Bentley was busy constructing parts for airplane engines. After the war Bentley sold his firm and with the money he started to construct his own car. In 1919 the prototype was ready. Bentley copied the 1914 Mercedes valve gears and cam drive for the 3-litre engine, while the chassis was a copy of the 1914 GP Peugeot L45. The car got an enthusiastic reception, but it lasted until 1921 before Bentley was ready for production. In 1925 came the 6-cylinder 6.5-litre model, a later racing variant of that car became known as the “Speed Six”. In 1927 the 6.5 litre car was developed into a 4.5-litre variant. Again Bentley used racing for publicity.
In 1923 John Duff started with a Bentley in the first Le Mans 24 Hour race finishing 4th. The next year Duff won the race making the Bentley name famous. Through 1927-1930 Bentley cars were victorious four years in a row at Le Mans, with Woolf Barnato making a hat-trick and putting the Bentley name into racing history forever.
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Portuguese Nautical Master Charts
Beginning in the 1440s, Portuguese ships ventured further
and further into the Atlantic and down the Southern coast of
Africa., first accumulating knowledge of the South Atlantic (by
1487), then the Mozambique channel (by 1497) and by 1502 Brazil
and Canada (the New World).
- After every expedition, map-makers for Portuguese kings
incorporated information from the most recent voyages of
- By 1492, Portuguese cartographers were creating
enormous master charts containing all the latest
knowledge of coastlines, and oceans.
- These master charts were regarded as state
secrets. Furthermore, many were destroyed by Europe's only tsunami in 2,000 years which hit Lisbon in November 1755.
- As a result few Portuguese originals (such as
Jorge Reinel's) have survived. Most of charts known today
are pirated copies collected by jealous Italian
competitors including the Cantino (1502) map, the Caverio map (1505),
and the Maggiolo (1516) map shown below.
- The master charts were based on
separate local nautical charts.
- By 1505 and probably earlier as well, each of the major
Atlantic ports also had a separate approach chart detailing
soundings, dangers, and other information needed to guide
sailors safely into port. (Sea and airline pilots today use
separate approach charts for each sea and airport.)
All Sepia Maps © Huntington Library
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Ever since the invention of the television, the world has become accustomed to it as a basic fixture of human life. Television has influenced many generations in the past and those yet to come.
Its influence has been primarily defined by the fact that television programs are an indispensable form of entertainment for many people. In this regard, many children have grown up watching television programs that have a positive or negative impact on their cognitive development. Because of this fact, many parents, children advocates and educationists are already raising concerns over the amount of time children spend watching television and the kind of materials they watch in the first place. In the developed world, children have been known to spend more than five hours a day staring at television screens and even more time is feared to be lost watching television programs instead of engaging in more productive activities. The Kaiser Foundation cited in (Nemours Foundation, 2010) affirms that: “two-thirds of infants and toddlers watch a screen an average of 2 hours a day; kids under age 6 watch an average of about 2 hours of screen media a day (primarily TV and videos or DVDs).
Kids and teens 8 to 18 years spend nearly 4 hours a day in front of a TV screen and almost 2 additional hours on the computer (outside of schoolwork) and playing video games”. (p. 1) With such statistics in mind, proponents and critics of television exposure have often clashed about the possible advantages and disadvantages of watching television.
Currently, there are numerous volumes of literature on the subject and more are still being developed. However, this study seeks to comprehensively cover all the functional areas of a child’s growth which are affected by television exposure. From this understanding, this study will encompass aspects such as lifestyle, appetite, health, the learning process and such like factors. These elements will primarily encompass the overall growth of children. From this perspective, this study will carry out a comprehensive analysis of the effects of television programming on children development and since television programming is an unavoidable element in the society, this study will seek to establish whether television programming generally compliments children growth or not.
Usually, most people are unaware that children are hooked onto television programs even before they enter schools. Since children are already hooked to television at an early age, many concerned individuals and institutions have tried to strike a balance to try and minimize the negative effects of television (Nemours Foundation, 2010, p. 3). According to the American Department of Pediatrics (cited in Nemours Foundation, 2010, p. 4), children under 2 years should not be allowed to watch television at all. However, children above the age of two should only be required to watch only one hour of constructive television programs (Nemours Foundation, 2010, p. 1). This recommendation is upheld by many researchers because the first two years of a human being’s life is usually important in a child’s growth and television can come in the way of a child’s ability to explore, play and interact with children, parents or objects in the natural environment (Lee, 2010, p.
2). Researchers note that if children are allowed to watch TV at an early age, they may develop some form of impairment in their social, psychological or physical development (Amin, 2000, p. 200). For children above the age of two, researchers have pointed out that television normally affects their ability to develop health wise, socially and through similar parameters. Many have however recommended that television ought to be watched in moderation to avert any detrimental effects brought about by prolonged exposures to television. Nemours Foundation (2010) affirms that: “Preschoolers can get help learning the alphabet on public television, grade schoolers can learn about wildlife on nature shows, and parents can keep up with current events on the evening news.
No doubt about it — TV can be an excellent educator and entertainers”. (p. 4). This therefore implies that television has its pros and cons.
Even though television has its positive side, research studies are skewed to depict that it has more negative than positive effects. It is no doubt therefore that children who watch too much television develop health problems like being overweight or ultimately develop complications such as high blood pressure, heart complications and the likes. Such conditions are known to lead to increased chances of children being obese because as they are watching television, they are essentially inactive and most often than not, a good number eat snacks while staring at the screens. Health experts have warned that this kind of trend is likely to cause significant health problems for children in future (Nemours Foundation, 2010, p. 2). Some television programs make the situation much worse because they promote the consumption of junk foods such as Sodas and the likes through the casual depiction of actors consuming such produce. To affirm the negative effects of television, research studies have shown that decreased exposure to television leads to decreased instances of weight gain and an emergence of a population group with a lower Body Mass Index (BMI) (Nemours Foundation, 2010, p. 2).
It is also confirmed that children who watch too much television (especially violent programs) are likely to be more aggressive and develop psychological problems in future. Violence for example is often exposed as a fun way of getting what one wants and therefore when faced with tricky life situations, children are bound to be insensitive to the vice; thereby perpetrating the wrong perceptions often exhibited by the media (Nevid, 2008, p. 361). It is even more unfortunate that children often develop a liking for certain characters in television programs and are therefore likely to think that whatever their star characters do is the appropriate way of handling conflicts. Nemours Foundation (2010) affirms that: “Even though kids are taught by their parents that it’s not right to hit, television says it’s OK to bite, hit, or kick if you’re the good guy.
This can lead to confusion when kids try to understand the difference between right and wrong. And even the “bad guys” on TV aren’t always held responsible or punished for their actions”. (p. 4) For very young children, violent images are often scary but television shoves it up their faces but either way, it doesn’t do much justice to them because at tender ages, children cannot distinguish what is fiction and what is real. Certain behavioral problems associated with children such as lack of sleep can sometimes be associated with frequent exposure to violence in television. In such cases, children are often seen to have nightmares, panic attacks (and the likes) because of the images they see in the media. The effects of violent images from television are however not any milder for older children because older children have also been observed to be frightened by violence in certain television programs; regardless of whether it happens in real life (like on the news) or in fiction (like in horror movies). For instance, most good guys in most drama series are never free from violent acts and this may pass as an appropriate thing to do for children.
For example, it is affirmed that children who watch violent movies are likely to either view the world as a dangerous place or be aggressive on the same grounds (Nevid, 2008, p. 361). This fact therefore affects the psychological development of children and their ability to properly blend in with the society. Television characters can also been faulted to exhibit poor social behaviors which affect the perception of children as they grow up. Such perceptions are affected especially with regards to risky social behaviors like smoking, drinking, risky sexual habits and the likes. To some extent, television programs are identified to perpetrate wrong gender and racial perceptions in the way television programs are produced (Kavoori, 2006, p.
32). In fact television programs today tend to exaggerate certain gender and racial stereotypes and children who grow up seeing such misconceived ideas tend to assume they are the true representation of the real world. For Instance, Amin (2000) notes that Arabs are often depicted as terrorists and most white children hold this belief as true.
Children who watch a lot of television often tend to depict adverse social behaviors because television tends to promote bad behaviors like alcohol abuse as cool and fun. Such perceptions are further reinforced because television fails to show everyone the consequences of such habits. In fact, most movies never miss a smoker, raunchy sexual scene or an alcoholic.
Such issues majorly affect teens. In sexual scenes for example, actors are never shown protecting themselves from the consequences of sex such as sexually transmitted diseases and infections or pregnancy and many may think such acts are natural. This kind of misconceived perceptions makes viewers adopt a much-relaxed attitude towards sex or any other vice that is being promoted.
The effects of such attitudes are affirmed by Nemours Foundation (2010, p. 2) who notes that “studies have shown that teens who watch lots of sexual content on TV are more likely to initiate intercourse or participate in other sexual activities earlier than peers who don’t watch sexually explicit shows”. Alcohol abuse has also increased over recent years in various television programs and its effects have been more widespread than ever before because of increased exposure of children to such programs. Recent studies done by alcohol agencies have shown that the exposure of children to alcohol commercials have increased by more than thirty percent in the first five years preceding the year 2006 (Nemours Foundation, 2010, p. 1). Some proponents of television viewing have however proposed the banning of such retrogressive adverts (such as the banning of cigarette adverts) but their effects can still not be eliminated because the use of alcohol and cigarettes is still being promoted in movies. Television commercials have also become a common feature in prime time television and they affect the way most children perceive certain products and services.
For instance, most television programs promote the consumption of wrong foods (in form of junk) and children are unable to differentiate the health benefits from the disadvantages of such foods. It is therefore not uncommon for children to often demand certain products just because they saw a catchy advertisement in mainstream television. Comprehensively, these negative effects of television affect children development in many ways than one. Children being at a strategic age of developing their social skills, they ought to be doing more constructive things than just watch television.
This will improve their level of emotional development and help them integrate better with other people in the real world. Children therefore need to play more with other children of their age and learn more social skills because there is no substitution to such development stages. Certain common problems associated with today’s children like myopic complications will therefore be avoided if such measures are observed.
This is true because it is almost impossible to isolate television watching from such like complications if children are wasting up to five hours a day watching television. Other small complications like inappropriate use of language will also be avoided with reduced exposure to television (at least when children are at a young age). This is especially important for young children because they have a very limited capability of differentiating what language is good or bad. The situation becomes much worse when inappropriate use of language affects a child’s academic development because children tend to assume what they hear through television as the correct way to speak. For instance Lee (2010) explains that “There was one point of time, the local sitcom Phua Chu Kang got so popular that children started using phrases like “Don’t pray pray”, and “I look you no up”. It got into such frenzy that we had a Speak Good English Campaign, remember?” (p. 4). This exposes the level of bad television influence on children.
Limitations of Study
This study was limited to the extent that it could not be easily generalized to all groups of children. Specifically, it was limited to the fact that children hail from different societies and therefore not all of them face the same type of television effects. External validity of the research findings was also another limitation to the study, considering existing volumes of research are hard to verify and may sometimes reflect personal opinions. Finally, the research’s findings were limited to specific social classes because it is an almost undeniable fact that various respondents from different social classes behave differently in terms of lifestyle habits.
The appropriateness of television is a matter of weighing the pros and cons associated with it. There is no doubt that television has its advantages but it is important to note that the disadvantages of watching television (for young children) outweigh its advantages. One of the best way of rectifying retrogressive attributes associated with television is limiting the hours spent watching it and restricting the wrongful watch of adult movies and programs. The kind of limitation to be applied however depends on the type of parents, their children’s’ age and such like variables. Conventionally, children have often been limited to around 30 minutes or an hour a day of television programming but each parent today has the ability of determining the correct number of hours their children can watch television. Family sitcoms and other educational programs should however be allowed for children to watch because in addition to offering entertainment, such programs are educative. Parents should also watch television with their children so that they ensure their children are not exposed to inappropriate programming.
Other measures such as banning eating while watching television should also be applied by some parents as part of their efforts to control the adverse effects of television. These are the best measures to prevent children from being exposed to the adverse effects of television.
Amin, H. (2000). Civic Discourse and Digital Age Communications in the Middle East.
London: Greenwood Publishing Group. Kavoori, A. (2006). Media, Terrorism, and Theory: A Reader. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Lee, J. (2010). How TV Affects Children. Retrieved 7 January, 2011, from:http://ezinearticles.com/?How-TV-Affects-Children&id=1703063 Nemours Foundation. (2010). How TV Affects Your Child.
Retrieved 7 January, 2011, From: http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/family/tv_affects_child.html# Nevid, J. (2008). Psychology: Concepts and Applications.
London: Cengage Learning.
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The UK government's school computing agency, Becta, has said schools could save costs by switching to what is known as open source software.
Schools' computer costs have been rising
In open source software (OSS), the underlying computer code is freely available so users can alter it and publish new versions, to benefit the community.
Leslie Fletcher, chair of governors at Parrs Wood High School in south Manchester and campaigns manager for the UK's Unix and Open Systems User Group, offers a personal perspective on how schools can benefit.
Schools using open source software can develop their information and communication technology (ICT) as they think best, without worrying about software costs and licensing because OSS is usually free.
The software a school needs to keep its computer network running and secure, send and receive e-mail, access the internet, protect users from viruses, spam and unsuitable content and carry out office tasks such as word processing is all available free by using OSS.
It can be downloaded from the internet - free as in "free beer" - and has very liberal licensing terms - free as in "free speech".
Parrs Wood High School has more than 2,000 students and more than 200 staff.
When it moved into new buildings at Easter 2000 spending had to be tightly controlled.
One of the technical staff, Tim Fletcher, had experience with OSS and convinced the head teacher and governors that it could deliver their vision for ICT in the new school extremely cost- effectively.
Capital was spent on high-speed network equipment and the best available servers, the computers running the system.
Because OSS runs well on old hardware, computers from the old school and cast-offs from local businesses could be deployed in ICT rooms and other classrooms, requiring little additional capital expenditure.
Now Parrs Wood has more than 1,000 computers in school and more than 100 school laptops are on free loan to students who would not otherwise have a computer at home.
All staff, students and governors can, and many do, login to the school network from home - a facility soon be extended to parents and carers.
The OSS enabling this does not cost anything and can be given away by the school without any concern about violating licence terms.
The majority of Parrs Wood's servers run OSS and use OSS to communicate with desktop computers in classrooms and offices.
At Parrs Wood OSS is seen not as merely a way of saving money, but rather of spending it more effectively
What appears on screen - the so-called desktop - for ordinary users is the familiar, paid-for Microsoft Windows.
The software used by staff and students includes the content management system Moodle, which is open source, and Microsoft's Word, Excel and Powerpoint.
Software licences cost Parrs Wood about £30,000 each year, less than half the cost if no OSS were deployed, according to figures in the recent Becta report.
Only recently has the school become satisfied that OSS is now sufficiently well developed to meet classroom and office needs and provides a viable alternative to licensed software.
With governors' support and encouragement, the school is adopting OSS more completely over the next three years, including the eventual replacement of Windows by an OSS desktop, which will be a significant change.
The gradual transition ratified by governors will enable the school community, including parents, to be made aware of the value which the school places on the freedom to innovate which OSS gives.
Schemes of work will be revised so that students gain an appreciation of the uses and value of ICT which goes beyond competency with a few of today's computer applications.
Staff training will be provided and all those involved kept abreast of developments in OSS and its increasingly widespread use.
At Parrs Wood OSS is seen not as merely a way of saving money, but rather of spending it more effectively.
Paying for capable technical support staff is an essential first step to effective ICT; providing career opportunities maintains the momentum.
Tim is now a member of the school's leadership team, with responsibility for the strategic development of ICT, and manages an experienced team of six technical staff.
Parrs Wood's commitment to OSS has other implications. Its behaviour management system, developed in-house, is to be made available to local high schools by means of an open source licence.
Staff needed to be convinced that this accorded with the school's philosophy of open dissemination of knowledge and information, and the local education authority's historic reluctance to endorse free software had to be overcome.
The OSS business model, in which software is free but support is paid for, has to be explained to other schools.
OSS is so trouble-free and reliable that there is time to look after the ICT networks in a dozen or so local primary schools.
A service-level agreement provides an initial health check, after which a Parrs Wood technician spends half a day each week giving on-site support.
A built-in capability of OSS allows the networks to be managed remotely from Parrs Wood for the rest of the week.
The schools get a service second to none, at a price they can afford. Expertise is shared without any interference from software vendors.
When Manchester needed a new school e-mail system and many of the city's schools needed improved access to the internet, experience at Parrs Wood proved invaluable.
OSS licences allow software to be modified to meet users' requirements - so the software powering the school system was scaled up to a city-wide system.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4642461.stm
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If a child is deathly allergic to, say, peanuts, it's understandable when a parent requests their school consider banning peanut-butter fare from the menu. But where do we draw the line for anti-allergy precautions? How about cutting down oak trees to get rid of fallen acorns?
That's right: Canadian mother Donna Giustizia worries that acorns are posing a serious threat to nut-allergic children – including her own – who attend St. Stephen Catholic Elementary School in Vaughn, Ontario.
Young oak trees on a surrounding property, owned by the city of Vaughn, are dropping acorns on school grounds. And so Giustizia is leading a crusade to remove the trees.
"A false sense of security is putting a sign on the door that says 'nut-free,' and there's nuts all over the place," said Giustizia in an article from The Record.
Among children, tree nuts are one of the most common food allergies, alongside milk, shellfish and peanuts. The number of children allergic to tree nuts and peanuts has tripled in the last decade.
Some experts claim this rise in allergies comes from hyper-hygienic lifestyles that may leave children with weak immune systems more likely to attack harmless invaders like pollen and foods, like nuts and … acorns?
A favorite among North American squirrels, acorns are encased in a hard shell, have bitter-tasting flesh and haven't been a food staple in this country for centuries. They also pose little threat to those who are allergic to tree nuts.
"There is no information in the literature that suggests that individuals with a nut allergy should avoid skin contact with acorns or pine cones," says Lynn Christie of the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network.
Kids who have nut allergies are likely aware of their situation and know to stay away from edible nuts – in or out of the cafeteria. One also would hope they aren't going around chomping down on acorns at recess.
This begs the question: Is any child's health really in danger because of fallen acorns? Unless it was on a dare or part of some stupid stunt, I certainly can't remember anyone from my childhood playgrounds trying to eat a dirty acorn off the ground.
Giustizia's allergy fight may be grounded in good intentions, but calling for the chopping down of oak trees is not helping the bigger cause. It just makes her look a bit, well, nuts.
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|Central coordinates||39o 0.00' East 5o 0.00' South|
|IBA criteria||A1, A2, A3|
|Altitude||30 - 648m|
|Year of IBA assessment||2001|
Site description Muheza District is the most northerly coastal district in Tanzania, bordering Kenya and stretching from the coast into the East Usambara mountains. It contains a wide variety of natural habitats, including low-altitude and coastal forest, and some thicket. Much of the low coastal plain is covered in sisal and coconut plantations, on land cleared of closed-canopy forest. The Sigi river drains the central catchment of the East Usambara and enters the sea to the north of Tanga.There are 37 Forest Reserves listed for Muheza District, but most of these are associated with the East Usambara mountains (TZ070). There are a few isolated forests at lower altitudes between the Usambaras and the coast. These include Kilulu Hill (160 ha), Amboni Caves (350 ha), Pangani Falls (10 ha), Kwani (2,545 ha; only 600 ha of forest cover) and Tongwe-Muheza (1,202 ha; only 300 ha of forest cover). Other reserves such as Bassi (1,197 ha, but cleared for exotics), Gombero (2,399 ha, but cleared for agriculture) are excluded from the IBA.
|Species||Season||Period||Population estimate||Quality of estimate||IBA Criteria||IUCN Category|
|Southern Banded Snake-eagle Circaetus fasciolatus||resident||2000||present||-||A1, A3||Near Threatened|
|Brown-headed Parrot Poicephalus cryptoxanthus||resident||2000||present||-||A3||Least Concern|
|Fischer's Turaco Tauraco fischeri||resident||2000||present||-||A1, A2, A3||Near Threatened|
|Mombasa Woodpecker Campethera mombassica||resident||2000||unknown||-||A3||Least Concern|
|Four-coloured Bush-shrike Telophorus quadricolor||resident||2000||unknown||-||A3||Least Concern|
|Black-bellied Glossy-starling Lamprotornis corruscus||resident||2000||present||-||A3||Least Concern|
|Plain-backed Sunbird Anthreptes reichenowi||resident||2000||present||-||A1, A3||Near Threatened|
|Zanzibar Bishop Euplectes nigroventris||resident||2000||present||-||A3||Least Concern|
|Sokoke Pipit Anthus sokokensis||resident||2000||unknown||-||A2, A3||Endangered|
|Eastern Green Tinkerbird Pogoniulus simplex||resident||2000||unknown||-||A3||Least Concern|
|Brown-breasted Barbet Pogonornis melanopterus||resident||2000||present||-||A3||Least Concern|
|Protected area||Designation||Area (ha)||Relationship with IBA||Overlap with IBA (ha)|
|Amboni Caves||Forest Reserve||350||protected area contained by site||350|
|Kilulu Hill||Forest Reserve||160||protected area contained by site||160|
|Kwani||Forest Reserve||310,524||protected area contained by site||3,105|
|Pangani Falls||Forest Reserve||10||protected area contained by site||10|
|Tongwe||Forest Reserve||136,600||protected area overlaps with site||1,366|
|IUCN habitat||Habitat detail||Extent (% of site)|
|Land-use||Extent (% of site)|
Other biodiversity There are several coastal forest endemic mammals, reptiles, amphibians and plants. The latter include populations of plants (African violets) Saintpaulia spp. on Tongwe Hill.
References Burgess and Clarke (2000), Clarke and Stubblefield (1995), Faldborg et al. (1991), Fottland (1996).
Contribute Please click here to help BirdLife conserve the world's birds - your data for this IBA and others are vital for helping protect the environment.
Recommended citation BirdLife International (2014) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Muheza District Coastal Forests. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/07/2014
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
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This post has been read 1370 times!
June 5, 2014- By Steven E. Greer, mD
It has been a few years since ducklings have made it from the grass nest to the waterfall pond, so a reminder of what they need is in order. First, these are not Parks Conservancy animals, like the fish. They stay alive only from the help of the community.
Until they birds can fly out of the steep-walled artificial pond, they need food. It looks like a natural ecosystem, but there are no bugs and worms for the ducklings to eat. Prior to 2010, when the community began to help the hatchlings, year after year, the birds would starve to death.
The other misconception is that the birds will be choked if fed bread. Soft normal bread is fine. Just avoid popcorn or hard chips. Bread is not ideal, but it is better than starvation.
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Plastic is indispensable: it is cheap and practical and found in many disposable products such as drinking straws, disposable tableware or even packaging like bonded beverage cartons or bags – and it has a disastrous effect on the environment. The start-up company Plafco Fibertech Oy has developed a sustainable plastic substitute made of paper that could replace many disposable plastic products in the future – without requiring us to give up the advantages of plastic.
Our daily lives are lived in a world full of plastics: packaging and films of all kinds, disposable tableware and many other products are ubiquitous and have a global annual market value of several billion euros – and the quantities of plastic products are growing considerably. The useful life of these materials that are mostly made of synthetic polymers is usually short, and most plastic production still relies on fossil resources. Products such as drinking straws and disposable tableware made from fossil raw materials will be banned from sale from mid-2021, as they are often disposed of in the environment, where they decompose either partially or not at all, thus harming the environment, water bodies and human and animal health.
The Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University in Karlsruhe began searching for sustainable alternatives as early as 2013: in an EU project, Prof. Dr. Jukka Valkama, who leads the university’s paper technology degree programme, and his team began researching how to substitute plastic for paper. "We wanted to know if paper could be used as a base material without inventing anything too new," Valkama reports. "And, over the three-year project, we actually managed to develop a new product by converting paper into a composite with comparable properties to plastic."
The Karlsruhe scientists have named the new, environmentally friendly plastic substitute PLAFCO, short for plasticised fibre composite. Valkama now feels that the name is not quite right: "It is not plastic at all, as the plastic has been replaced by the new fibre composite. But we’ll keep the name now as changing it would cause too much confusion."
PLAFCO is made from raw paper, which is either produced from pulp at the university itself or as large rolls made to order by paper factories following directions that they are given. The actual transformation into a plastic substitute product involves placing the paper into a PLAFCO bath in which chemicals first dissolve part of the cellulose from the natural fibres. The chemicals are subsequently removed by washing, and the dissolved cellulose acts as a glue, automatically filling all accessible gaps in the paper. After drying, the material is then ready for use. "This method transforms paper into a cellulosic composite that is more compressed than paper," the professor explains. "And this gives it completely different properties: it is much stiffer, more uniform and airtight; you can even make it impermeable to oil. This then makes it suitable for food packaging, for example."
Although PLAFCO is similar to paper, it nevertheless boasts comparable properties to plastic and can thus replace many plastic and hybrid products - but with consistently positive results. The advantages of the new material include being fully biodegradable and compostable as well as protecting the environment and not polluting water. In addition, it can be recycled almost indefinitely: "With PLAFCO, we can dock directly onto recycling cycles in the paper industry - i.e. existing systems - and thus achieve an almost maximum recycling rate and excellent added value," says Valkama. "So we have not only developed a promising material, but also a very interesting one for the bioeconomy."
Wood in the form of sawdust or wood processing residues is used as the raw material for producing PLAFCO. "For me, there is nothing more sustainable than wood," says the engineer. He is not keen on annual plants that compete with food production on farms. "In the paper industry, everything is very sustainable; only raw materials from certified forests are used, and this gives us access to huge quantities of pulp. And it all comes with an attractive price tag, which won’t change any time soon. You don’t get that with bioplastic."
The novel material has already had a hugely positive response, as awards such as the NEO2020 Innovation Award or the Blue Sky Young Researchers Award 2017/18 demonstrate. However, concrete implementation as products is not as easy as it might appear: the original EU project to develop the novel plastic replacement product was undertaken with partners. After a patent application was filed for PLAFCO, the partners were offered the opportunity to further develop the material to take it to market maturity. "Unfortunately, the original partners were not right for the project, none of them were willing to take the risk," reports Valkama. "So I did it on my own. I recruited colleagues and friends who became part of my team and I founded the company Plafco Fibertech Oy. We bought the patent with our own money and started industrialising PLAFCO in 2017."
However, the company still needs a machine for producing the plastic substitute. A pilot machine would cost 2.5 million euros. "But it's a chicken and egg situation: if we could show that a machine of this kind worked, we would get money immediately, but we do not have such a machine, so we cannot do so and are unable to get money," says the scientist and company founder. "It's been the same story every time we’ve tried: you get a long way into the negotiations, but just before you close the deal, the investors decide it’s too risky and back out. But we know we have something good. At the moment, the search for investors is looking quite positive. We are actually close to being able to do something concrete in Baden-Württemberg."
For the time being, Valkama only has a small machine in mind – "picking the low hanging fruit", as he calls it. Actual products that could be produced with this machine already exist. "We have already used PLAFCO to produce drinking straws. They are very stable and easy to produce. We can also produce multi-layer items such as disposable cutlery and tableware. Today’s disposable cutlery and tableware is made of plastic and will be banned throughout the EU from July 2021. So this would be an excellent opportunity to enter the market. We can also produce all kinds of packaging for solid and liquid products, even corrugated cardboard. We can also offer solutions for the medical sector."
The scientist estimates that the small pilot machine would be able to produce around five million kilos of PLAFCO per year. "Larger machines would later be able to produce hundreds of thousands of tons in a four-shift operation," says Valkama, adding: "But this would then be a completely different kettle of fish, we would then be looking at mass production." Valkama continues: "We would like to start with exotic products, which are higher in price but smaller in volume." Valkama estimates it will take six months to build the machine. This could be started at any time, as the design has already been completed by a mechanical engineer. "Every screw is already in place, and we firmly expect to be able to start production somewhere in Baden-Württemberg before the end of the year." Investors would then have no reason to shy away from investing in a larger machine. "By then, we will have shown that the small machine works," concludes the PLAFCO founder.
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Which of the following is not true of licensing?
A. Licensing allows a firm to purchase the right to
manufacture and sell another firms product within a specific country or set of countries.
B. The licensor is normally paid a royalty on each unit sold.
C. Licensors have considerable control the manufacturing and marketing of their products marketed in foreign countries.
D. the license takes the risks and makes the investments in facilities for manufacturing, marketing and distribution of goods and services.
E. Licensing is an increasingly popular entry mode for smaller firms with insufficient capital and limited brand recognition.
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The eye relief of an optical instrument (such as a telescope, a microscope, or binoculars) is the distance from the last surface of an eyepiece at which the user's eye can obtain the full viewing angle. If a viewer's eye is outside this distance, a reduced field of view will be obtained. The calculation of eye relief is complex, though generally, the higher the magnification and the larger the intended field-of-view, the shorter the eye relief.
Eye relief and exit pupil
The eye relief property should not be confused with the exit pupil width of an instrument: that is best described as the width of the cone of light that is available to the viewer at the exact eye relief distance. An exit pupil larger than the observer's pupil wastes some light, but allows for some fumbling in side-to-side movement without vignetting or clipping. Conversely, an exit pupil smaller than the eye's pupil will have all of its available light used, but since it cannot tolerate much side-to-side error in eye alignment, will often result in a vignetted or clipped image.
The exit pupil width of say, a binocular, can be calculated as the objective diameter divided by the magnification, and gives the width of the exit cone of light in the same dimensions as the objective. For example, a 10 × 42 binocular has a 4.2 mm wide exit cone, and fairly comfortable for general use, whereas doubling the magnification with a zoom feature to 20 × results in a much more critical 2.1 mm exit cone.
Eye relief distance can be particularly important for eyeglass wearers and shooters. The eye of an eyeglass wearer is typically further from the eyepiece so needs a longer eye relief in order to still see the entire field of view. A simple practical test as to whether or not spectacles limit the field of view can be conducted by viewing first without spectacles and then again with them. Ideally there should be no difference in the field.
For a shooter, eye relief is also a safety consideration. If the eye relief of a telescopic sight is too short, leaving the eye close to the sight, the firearm's recoil can force the optic to strike the skin around the shooter's eye, leaving a cut. This is frequently called the "idiot cut" due to the obvious and long-lasting nature of such a mistake. Typical eye relief distances for telescopic sights are typically between one and four inches (25 to 100 mm), as opposed to the much shorter 15 to 17 mm for typical binoculars. The exit pupil widths in rifle sights are designed to be larger than the eye's pupil, to allow for a range of motion without vignetting.
Available eye relief
The eye relief given in product specifications does not always give a realistic view of what a user can expect. Although eye-cups can usually be folded down to allow the spectacle wearer to get closer to binocular eyepieces, there are sometimes lens mountings that do not allow the theoretical eye relief to be obtained. A better measure for those with strict needs would be one that takes account of this available eye relief, the theoretical value less any thickness of the lens' rims. This point can account for confusion in performance and is rarely expressed clearly.
Additionally, when a spectacle wearer orders new glasses, the optician will ask him whether he prefers his spectacles close to the eyes or at some distance. This distance is referred to as the Back Vertex Distance, or BVD on a prescription. Since this property affects the available eye relief of any binocular or other optics used, (telescopes, microscopes, etc.) it should be borne in mind at the eye testing stage. The matter should be discussed with the optician, though the only realistic way of testing the comfort is to try the optical device while wearing the usual spectacles. The optician can however make sure that the BVD is no worse in your new glasses than in the old ones that were used during evaluation.
Adding prescription lenses
In the event that a spectacle wearer cannot obtain the eye relief that they require, it should be noted that some cameras and microscopes allow prescription lenses to be fitted onto their eyepieces. In this way the user can temporarily dispense with their glasses in favor of the lens mounted on the optics. Although not ideal, in that this method does not afford good incidental vision for the field around them, (only through the optics), it might still be of use to some individuals.
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JAVA APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE PDF
Java. An example of a secured architecture. Software security& secure programming JVM security architecture . Main java application: executed on a dedicated JVM .. cittadelmonte.info pdf. Download Java Application Architecture: Modularity Patterns with by Kirk Knoernschild PDF. By Kirk Knoernschild. “I'm dancing! by way of god I'm dancing at the. 4 Spring Web Application Architecture . Distributed applications provide services for each other, . class with the same interface (e.g. Java I/O streams).
|Language:||English, Spanish, Hindi|
|Genre:||Science & Research|
|ePub File Size:||24.38 MB|
|PDF File Size:||13.16 MB|
|Distribution:||Free* [*Regsitration Required]|
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Knoernschild, Kirk. Java application architecture: modularity patterns with examples using OSGi / Kirk. Java Application Architecture: Modularity Patterns with Examples. 76 Pages · Software architecture design patterns in Java / Partha Kuchana. cittadelmonte.info . Java application architecture: modularity patterns with examples using OSGi by Kirk Knoernschild. Full Text: PDF.
Prentice Hall wrote: Martin a. But rest assured, this title is different. The way we develop Java applications is about to change, and this title explores the new way of Java application architecture. Over the past several years, module frameworks have been gaining traction on the Java platform, and upcoming versions of Java will include a module system that allows you to leverage the power of modularity to build more resilient and flexible software systems.
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Montana Research Critical to Next Moon Mission [AUDIO]
That headline caught my eye a while back. It was posted by the website Telengana Today.
NASA explains, a unique location on Earth – Stillwater Complex in Montana- is rocky and dusty like the Moon and contains a special type of rock, anorthosite, which is common in the Moon’s oldest crust. It is what helps give the Moon its iconic, high-contrast appearance.
Since we like to talk about all things Montana, I thought- why not catch up with someone from NASA to talk about this on the radio?
Earlier this week we caught up with Sarah Deitrick of NASA’s Johnson Space Center and talked more about how important the Stillwater Complex in the Beartooth Mountains of Montana is to NASA.
Dietrick tells us that we can use the Stillwater Complex to simulate the depth on the moon, and also for important testing on the spacesuits worn by NASA astronauts:
We don't want to go to the moon unprepared. We need practice. We need to figure out what we're doing before we go there so we don't mess up. So the materials from the Stillwater Complex can help us do that.
Especially for the new Artemis program coming up, which is NASA's new mission to send humans back to the moon in 2024. We are going to the south pole of the moon, and the south pole is composed of the lunar highlands which is this anorthosite material- so this is why the Stillwater Complex is so important especially right now.
Click below for audio:
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• The relationship between the University of Miami and its neighbors in the Caribbean, especially Cuba, dates back to its founding in 1926. The UM motto in the early years was: “North American culture for the Latin American and Latin American culture for the North Americans.”
• The University of Miami has enjoyed a long and rich history with the University of Havana. From the beginning, members of the faculty of the University of Havana were invited to teach at UM. As early as 1928, the founding president of UM, Bowman Foster Ashe, attended the bicentennial celebration of the University of Havana as a guest of its rector Octavio Averhoff.
• The first Hispanic-American student to enroll at the University of Miami was Carlota Sarah Wright, who attended her first class in 1928.
• In 1934 five Cuban students received scholarships to the University of Miami. This announcement appeared in one of the local newspapers under the headline: “The University of Miami, A Great Institution and its Ideals of Cultural Exchange with Latin America.”
• In 1937 UM President Bowman Foster Ashe and Jay Pearson, who later became the second president of the University, were invited by the Cuban Minister of Education to discuss plans to open a Pan-American Institute in Havana.
• In 1947 the Cuban Ministry of Education sent a delegation of 70 teachers to visit the University and members of the Naval Academy in Cuba visited the University during the ’40s.
• The University of Miami football team played the University of Havana Varsity team for the first time on Thanksgiving Day 1926, and that same year the Hurricanes traveled to Havana on Christmas Eve. The UM swimming team also competed with the University of Havana in the early years.
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How Virtual Reality Can Help With Stroke Rehabilitation
After a stroke, patients often have physical and mental disabilities. People who suffered from stroke have to visit a neurologist on a regular basis. Nine out of ten survivors have some degree of impaired motor function of the upper limbs, which is the most common post-stroke complication. Rehabilitation training should not only be lengthy, repetitive, specific, and complex, but it must also be motivating and intensive.
What is the role of virtual reality?
Virtual Reality (VR) is a relatively new approach to the rehabilitation of stroke, which has shown moderate effectiveness in improving motor functions. VR can allow the implementation of sensorimotor feedback when movements are reproduced in a virtual environment using motion capture technology. This enhanced VR experience has previously demonstrated the ability to increase patient motivation and stimulate neural connections in the motor system to assist in functional recovery.
Can virtual reality help with the rehabilitation of a stroke?
In an experimental study published in the journal NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, researchers from Switzerland studied the potential use of upper limb rehabilitation based on VR. The main goal of the study was to estimate the intensity of the training (the number of repetitions divided by the number of minutes of active therapy) and the rehabilitation dose (the number of repetitions). They examined the progress in training based on how well the upper limbs functioned, as well as the safety and stability of this technology.
Ten patients who had one-sided weakness after a stroke were included in the study, which used a motor rehabilitation system based on Mind Motion PRO VR. The process itself consisted of two one-hour sessions per week for five weeks with a physiotherapist to complete tasks in accordance with the patient's needs and capabilities. Assessments were conducted at the baseline (before the training), after treatment and at the end of four weeks. Participants engaged in exercises with the help of VR, which stimulated the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrists in various complexities with the help of game scenarios, which included the indication, extension, and capture of objects in the virtual space.
How effective was therapy with virtual reality?
All ten study participants completed a total of 10 training sessions on treatment. The study showed that the average duration of training increased by approximately ten minutes, and the average effective training time (the number of minutes when participants were actively trained, with the exception of breaks) per session doubled in the last session of the exercises. The intensity of training (the number of targeted movements per minute with effective training time) gradually increased from the first to the last workout.
Secondly, the study assessed the functions of the upper limbs, active range of motion, and muscle strength, among which all showed an increase from the baseline. No side effects were reported, and during treatment, the levels of pain and stress were low, indicating that Virtual Reality treatment is tolerable. Finally, the participants demonstrated high concentration and comfort with movements and expressed interest in continuing after ten sessions, which indicates a high level of commitment and motivation for treatment with Virtual Reality.
Overall, this pilot study demonstrated the ability of Virtual-Reality-based treatment to provide effective training, since the efficacy ratio (ratio of treatment session time to active therapy time) was 86.3%, which is higher than for conventional treatments. The study supports the potential for Virtual-Realty-based programs as a rehabilitation therapy to improve functional and motor performance. There are plans for future studies that include control groups, a larger sample size, stratified groups, and more intensive interventions with different motor assessments.
Reference: Donetsk Medical University
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At this time of year, many A-level students in London and around the UK will be feeling anxious about their exams results and the possibility of retakes. But what if those feelings of anxiety could be put to good use?
When someone is feeling particularly anxious, they will experience symptoms such as heart pounding, a tight feeling in their stomach, tense muscles and even a dry mouth. These are often the same symptoms felt by someone who is experiencing excitement. It is believed that we can learn to harness the negative feelings associated with anxiety and turn them into some else positive, especially when the overall symptoms are closely linked.
The University of Pennsylvania recently carried out a study in which a number of volunteers were placed into various stressful situations. In the minutes leading up to being put to the test, they were asked to say one of the following sentences out loud: “I feel excited”, “I feel calm” or “I feel anxious”. During the experiment they were required to wear heart-rate monitors to track any changes in their pulse, the progress of which was displayed prominently.
The results of the experiment revealed that those who proclaimed they were excited felt more confident in handling the stressful scenarios and performed better across all tasks. In contrast, the volunteers who said “I feel anxious” out loud had the opposite results. Saying “I feel calm” was shown to have no direct effect on a volunteer’s performance.
Because the symptoms of anxiety and excitement are so closely linked, it is easier to make the emotions interchangeable. But the symptoms associated with calmness are the complete opposite, and therefore could not be harnessed into a feeling of excitement. So how can this information help A-level students during exams?
When students are experiencing anxiety, it can be detrimental to any task that requires focus. It can affect confidence and also cloud what would otherwise be good judgement. If they are able to transform those feelings of anxiety into excitement, they may find that it has a positive impact on their exam experience and possibly even their grade.
Provided a student has prepared as much as possible, what’s not to be excited about? Although important, exams should be looked upon as more than just a stressful experience that students must get through. They should also signify the wealth of possibilities that lie ahead. Fear of the unknown is a natural response, but turning that energy into something more positive could be the true secret to success.
Source: The Guardian: Feel the exam fear – but think of it as excitement
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See the attachment please, it has a qustions that needs to answer
SPST 200 – Introduction To Space Studies
Homework #1 – Due: Friday, February 5
Please try to make your answers concise and to the point. Just answer the question, don’t try to tell me
everything you know. Extraneous material may cost you points if it contains errors.
The exercise may be submitted by:
A) Using the link within Blackboard under the appropriate assignment
B) Late submissions will be penalized 3 points per day or portion of day. No submissions will be accepted after
the KEY has been posted on the class website.
Provide any calculated numerical answers to the correct number of significant figures.
1) [5 points] You are camping out in a dark location in Northern
Minnesota. The night is clear and the sky is full of stars. At one point in
the evening, you observe the Little Dipper in the orientation labeled
“Time 1†on the figure to the right. Sometime later that same night, you
observe that the Little Dipper has rotated to the orientation labeled
“Time 2â€Â. You know that the North Pole star (Polaris) is the star at the
end of the dipper’s handle.
A) Approximately how much time has passed between “Time 1†and
B) Briefly describe how you determined your answer.
2) [5 points] Since books are so easy to print, how was it possible that the destruction of the Library of
Alexandria in 48 BC could have resulted in the loss of so many of the written works on
astronomy (and many other topics) by Greek scholars and scientists?
3) [3 points] Briefly discuss why an infrared image of the Geico Insurance Company’s Gekko would
appear relatively dark if it was imaged while sitting on your hand.
4) [5 points] Currently the mass of the Sun is decreasing at the rate of five million tons (5
billion kilograms, 5 x 109 kg) per second as that mass is converted to energy which escapes
into space in the form of light and essentially massless neutrinos. Assume that this rate is
maintained until the end of the main sequence lifetime 5.5 billion years in the future. Calculate the
percent decrease in the mass of the Sun during the next 5.5 billion years.
5) [3 points] Rearrange the following equations to isolate the indicated term (e.g. v = at to t = ? = v/a)
A) ð‘¥ =
to t = ?
B) ð‘ =
to M = ?
C) M = ï²V to ï² = ?
6) [4 points] If the speed of light is 186,000 miles per second, what is the speed of light in furlongs per
EXTRA CREDIT (3 pts)
Following a Hohmann transfer orbit, what would be the flight time from the orbit of the Earth (a = 1 AU)
to the orbit of Venus(a=0.723 AU)?
Purchase answer to see full
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From Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications VOL. 3 NO. 2
The Interactive Indulgence: The Use of Advergames to Curb Childhood Obesity
IN THIS ARTICLE
As childhood obesity rates in the United States continue to rise, health professionals and pro-health advocates are looking to utilize interactive media tactics for childhood obesity prevention. This study analyzed the viewpoints of interactive media agency professionals regarding the strategy, measurement, and future potential of advergames. Research was conducted through intensive interviews with agency professionals. This study found that advergames can influence an audience's behavior through their various interactive elements and entertaining platforms. Application of Fisher's Narrative paradigm provides additional insight into the persuasive nature of advergames. Successful advertising campaigns utilize integrated forms of media, with interactive media technologies serving to complement traditional media. Despite the ever-changing media landscape, advergames may prove to be a sustainable strategy for childhood obesity prevention.
Interactive media technologies have exploded in recent years. Advergaming, a new advertising trend utilizes "branded products or images within an interactive video game" and offers a unique hybrid of brand messaging (Cicchirillo, 2011, p.1). In efforts to utilize new media outlets and to optimize their online brand presence, many major food corporations have started implementing the use of advergames to market to children. Such gaming technology is very popular with kids, as more and more children spend increasing amounts of time on these advergaming websites (Moore & Rideout, 2010). However, ethical questions regarding the types of behavior learned from these games have caused concern among many health advocates and health professionals. Controversies have emerged that discuss child-targeted food advertising potentially linking to childhood obesity.
To compete against the overwhelming amounts of unhealthy food-based advergames, many prohealth initiates have begun implementing advergames and other forms of interactive media into their campaigns (Lu et al., 2010). While such interactive media technologies have the potential to influence children's food preferences and snack consumption, more research is needed to fully understand how advergames can be used as an educational tool to teach children about nutrition and healthy eating habits (Harris, Speers, Schwartz, & Brownell, 2011). There are various ways in which advergames can influence children's behavior; however, Fisher's Narrative Paradigm offers a new and critical look into the persuasive power of stories embedded in an advergame.
This study sought to examine the fundamentals of an advergame: how its persuasive power can influence children and how the success of an advergame is measured from the perspectives of interactive media professionals. Using the knowledge gained from these professionals, this study analyzed how pro-health initiatives can use such interactive media as an educational tool in promoting healthy habits and whether or not advergames are a sustainable advertising strategy in the long-term fight against childhood obesity.
II. Literature Review
In the following literature review, the author examined various articles on childhood obesity in the U.S., the impact of food marketing on childhood obesity, the delivery of advertising messages to children through interactive media, the use of advergames to prevent childhood obesity, and theoretical implications associated with processing advergames.
Childhood Obesity in the United States
Obesity is on the rise. Recognized as a nationwide epidemic, obesity in the United States has steadily climbed every year. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, obesity prevalence has dramatically increased within recent decades, doubling among adults and tripling among children and adolescents ("Overweight and Obesity," 2012). Rates remain high: approximately 35.7% of adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher and 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents with a BMI at or above the 95th percentile are obese (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2010; Ogden, Lamb, Carroll, & Flegal, 2012). These trends have been well documented, and statistics reveal a disturbing reality: People are getting heavier and it's happening at a younger age. Today, one in three children are overweight or obese (Ogden et al., 2012).
Obesity in early life can lead to serious health consequences, putting children at risk for various diseases in adulthood such as diabetes, heart disease, and severe adult obesity (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). In addition to long-term health effects of excess weight, studies have also found numerous short-term effects during childhood like development of atherosclerosis, impaired glucose tolerance, and musculoskeletal discomfort ("Overweight and Obesity," 2012). Research reports that 70% of obese children had at least one cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor, and 39% had two or more risk factors (Freedman, Mei, Srinivasan, Berenson, & Dietz, 2007). As the childhood obesity epidemic continues to sweep the nation, many researchers are investigating the causes and contributors to the problem.
Childhood Obesity and Food Marketers
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there is no simple answer to the question, "What contributes to [being] overweight and obesity?" ("Overweight and Obesity," 2012). This is a complex health issue; various factors such as behavior, environment, and genetics all play a role in causing people to be overweight or obese ("Overweight and Obesity," 2012). One particular contributor has received considerable criticism and research attention: Television food advertising has sparked controversial debates about food advertising targeting children and the potential link of such marketing to childhood obesity. A comprehensive study conducted by the CDC Institute of Medicine (IOM) investigated the impact of food marketing on childhood obesity and found that television food marketing does play a role in the obesity epidemic by influencing key dietary precursors, including food-related beliefs, health preferences, and purchase requests of children and youth (Koplan, Liverman, & Kraak, 2005). Research completed by the American Academy of Pediatrics confirms the IOM's findings. After viewing toy or food commercials, the children in the study were asked to complete three food preference measures. Results revealed that all children who viewed the food commercials selected fat-rich and carbohydrate-rich items from food preference checklists (Boyland, Harrold, Kirkham, Corker, Cuddy & Evans, 2011).
In response to the correlational evidence between children's exposure to food marketing and the increasing rates of obesity, several companies in the United States have pledged to transform their childtargeted advertising. In November of 2006, the Council of Better Bureaus and 10 leading food and beverage companies launched the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI), which aims to "shift the mix of advertising primarily directed to children to encourage healthier dietary choices and healthy lifestyles" ("Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative," 2012). The CFBAI will go into effect on December 31, 2012 with company-specific nutrition standards that govern what food participants advertise to children. Since the initiative's founding, the number of participants has increased to 16, and 3 participants have elected not to engage in child-directed advertising ("Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative," 2012). Positive trends have emerged with the initiative and participants have enhanced the nutritional profile of foods advertised to children. The CFBAI's 2010 progress report revealed improvements among the participants' child-targeted ads, as more than three-quarters of the advertisements included foods with essential nutrients like fiber, calcium, and potassium (Kolish, Hernandez, & Blanchard, 2011). Many initiatives like the CFAI have positively impacted food marketing on television and recent research reveals a decline in television food advertisements targeted to children (Powell, Szczypka, & Chaloupka, 2010); however, many companies have turned to another form of advertising to market their products to younger audiences.
The Rise of Branded Entertainment
Technological advancements and digital innovations have created a media landscape that is constantly changing. The exclusive use of traditional media outlets no longer satisfies target audiences. According to a Kaiser Family Foundation Study, there has been an increase in online media use among young people, with the average youth spending an hour and a half per day on the computer (Rideout, Foehr, & Roberts, 2010). In an effort to make the transition from traditional advertising outlets to interactive media, many major food corporations have increasingly turned to the Internet to market food products to children (Thomson, 2010). Branded entertainment, which is a popular advertising strategy that imbeds branded messages in entertainment-oriented media content, allows marketers to utilize new media technologies and techniques (Wise, Bolls, Kim, Venkataraman, & Meyer, 2010). Many companies are jumping on the branded entertainment bandwagon, expanding their child-targeted marketing to commercial, social media, video, and third party websites (Harris, Speers, Schwartz, & Brownell, 2011). According to a report by PQ Media Research, spending efforts in the branded entertainment sector is expected to exceed $40 billion by the end of 2012, despite slower economic growth (Ames & Marx, 2008).
One particular segment of branded entertainment has become part of the fastest growing interactive media effort for advertising campaigns (Wise et al., 2010). Advergaming, which is "the delivery of advertising messages through electronic games," has become an accepted tactic among food marketers to reach a target audience (Hernandez & Chapa, 2010, p.59). These kid-friendly games are typically simple in design with short playing times, allowing for seamless distribution across various media platforms, such as websites, mobile phones, interactive digital television, and email (Cauberghe & Pelsmacker, 2010). Examples of advergames include "puzzles and classic games, arcade-style games, and other highly engaging features such as building avatars or using candy to 'paint' pictures" (Harris et al., 2011, p.4).
Brand placement is not a new phenomenon. Advertisers have utilized this strategy for decades. Product placement agreements for movies, television programs, and video games allow advertisers to promote a brand within the content created by third-party media companies; however, advergames offer a unique form of product placement that is different from traditional practice (Wise et al., 2010). Advergames are specifically designed for the purpose of promoting the sponsored brand, therefore, offering a hybrid form of brand messaging: "Advergames merge the level of advertiser control found in traditional advertising with the entertainment communication context associated with product placement" (Wise et al., 2010, p. 27-28).Continued on Next Page »
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Hearsay refers to second-hand evidence, generally consisting of a witness’s testimony that he/she heard someone else say something” (Utah Courts). “Hearsay is a term applied to that species of testimony given by a witness who relates, not what he knows personally, but what others have told him, or what he has heard said by others.Hearsay evidence is that which does not derive its value solely from the credit of the witness, but rests mainly on the veracity and competency of other persons. The very nature of the evidence shows its weakness, and it is admitted only in specified cases from necessity” (Black’s Law Dictionary).
The witness’ testimony was a hearsay since she just repeated what she heard about the accident and she did not personally see the actual incident.
In the case State v. Parker, John Joseph Parker was accused of murdering Gonzales. Parker’s lawyer told the court that Patrick’s wife is going to testify in court for her husband. She said that her husband acted in self-defense. This information came from her husband who told her that he stabbed somebody in self-defense. Since Mrs. Parker was not present in the scene of the crime or did not witness the actual incident, her testimony can be considered as hearsay or based only on what her husband told her. This kind of testimony is not acceptable or admissible in court.
Other Important Information
Rule 804 listed the following as exceptions to hearsay:
- Former testimony
- Statement under belief of impending death
- Statement of personal or family history.
- Statement of a deceased person.
- Other exceptions
- the statement is offered as evidence of a material fact;
- the statement is more probative on the point for which it is offered than any other evidence which the proponent can procure through reasonable efforts; and
- the general purposes of these rules and the interests of justice will best be served by admission of the statement into evidence.
Learn your Rights. Get Answers. Free.
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Become a forensic pathologist
Forensic pathology is perhaps one of the most well-known pathology specialties – it’s also one of the smallest. Forensic pathologists provide vital expertise in cases where a person has died in suspicious circumstances.Forensic pathology is a service provided to coroners and police forces in England and Wales to assist investigations into homicide or suspicious deaths. In Scotland, this responsibility lies with procurators fiscal. Forensic pathologists specialise in performing post mortems for medical and legal purposes, to understand the cause and manner of death. They may follow a case from a crime scene through to giving evidence in criminal court.
A key aspect of their role is performing autopsies on the bodies of people who have died in suspicious circumstances – such as suicide, suspected homicides or deaths in custody. Because of this, forensic pathologists usually carry out examinations under the authority of a coroner or procurator fiscal. Their findings can play a fundamental role in bringing perpetrators to justice. And they are responsible for attending a variety of courts to explain details of cases they’re working on to juries as well as relatives.
Alongside this, forensic pathologists share duties with their colleagues across cellular pathology – writing reports to share their findings and teaching trainees in their profession. While most of their work focuses on suspicious deaths, they are sometimes called on to interpret the injuries of live victims to assist criminal cases. They will also conduct autopsies in cases of unexplained death.
What will my working environment be like?
As a forensic pathologist, your time will be split between mortuaries, hospitals, the courts, and, sometimes, crime scenes, which will require regular travel. You’ll mostly work independently, with the support of police, procurators fiscal and coroners’ officers, and mortuary staff. You’ll be in contact with other pathologists, as well as people in the criminal justice system, such as barristers. You’ll be in contact with other pathologists, as well as people in the criminal justice system, such as police, barristers and lawyers.
What skills will I need?
- Good communication skills – you’ll need to prepare comprehensive technical reports on your findings but testify on them in court to a lay audience.
- A flexible approach to working – the working life of a forensic pathologist is unconventional compared with other specialties. Every day will be different and travel will be required.
- The ability to cope under pressure – your working environment will be inherently linked with stressful life events, and you’ll need to be prepared for the challenge of being cross-examined in Crown Court.
How will I train?
To become a forensic pathologist, you’ll need to complete:
- undergraduate training at medical school
- the UK Foundation Training Programme or equivalent.
You can then choose to specialise during specialty training in histopathology, or afterwards, as a qualified histopathologist, neuropathologist or paediatric pathologist.
Explore more careers
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Support the Monkey! Tell All your Friends and Teachers
Table of Contents
Much of the tetralogy's historical information is based on the
chronicles written by Halle and Holinshed that not only
documented British history but offered an interpretation that
Shakespeare often relied on. It is important to note that while
Shakespeare relied on historical facts and events of this period, he
also interpreted them with quite a bit of latitude and therefore,
these plays are more fictitious than historical documents and often
focus on the tragedy of one particular character rather than
covering the historical events that make up history. Although the
cast of these plays is numerous and often confusing, Shakespeare
concentrates only on a handful who carry over from play to play.
Time lapses have been compressed and characters and
relationships developed in depth in order to not only create
dramatic interest, but to also present a view of history that is
particularly Shakespearian in nature.
The events covered in these four plays span over sixty years and
are marked by conventional scenes of battles, rivalry, and revenge
killings, yet they are also marked by more unconventional scenes
as those particularly unreal or supernatural such as the sighting of
three suns at the beginning of Act II in Henry VI, Part 3. These
scenes are trademarks of Shakespearian drama and that which
gives his historical accounts a rare and mesmerizing beauty.
Because of the nationalistic and patriotic nature of the time,
historical plays were all the rage during Elizabethan England.
Tudor England was enjoying peace and prosperity and glory in its
achievements and plays were often staged to increase this feeling
of pride and satisfaction. Although Shakespeare was not
particularly taken with the genre, he did produce many of them in
his lifetime. Many of them can be interpreted as being anti-war and
reveal the suffering that occurs on and off the battlefield during
times of social and political unrest. This tetralogy contain his
earliest attempts at historical plays and while they may be wanting
in some areas such as stage transitions and eloquent dialogue, this
series of plays ends in the first of his masterpieces, Richard III.
Table of Contents
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Energy Balance in Humans
Energy and Power
From a physical point of view, energy is the storage form of work. Energy is expressed in the unit of joules [J] (1 joule = N*m). It can exist in many different forms, including kinetic, thermal, and electrical forms. The unit of calorie [cal] is used to describe heat (thermal energy) and the energy value of food. The following applies: 1 cal equals 4,187 joule.
In physics, the human energy metabolism is seen as power (energy/time) and is measured in watt [W] (1 watt = 1 joule/s). Mostly, however, the whole day is taken into consideration, and value is given by joule/day.
Different processes responsible for the basic vital functions of the human body are constantly running without interruption. They require a basal amount of energy which is called basal metabolic rate (BMR). The basal metabolic rate is defined at 4 standard conditions:
- Complete physical and mental rest
- Sober stomach
- Indifference temperature
- Early-morning hours
The measuring has to be carried out in the early morning because of the circadian rhythm of body temperature which, concomitant to the energy metabolism drops to a minimum during these hours.
In order to estimate an approximate basal metabolic rate of a healthy individual, the following formula is used: The basal metabolic rate is approx. 100 kJ per mass in kg per day, or 1 watt/kg. Thus, the basal metabolic rate of an individual with the body mass of 70 kg is about 7000 kJ/d.
The basal metabolic rate increases with fever, cold adaptation, and is also influenced by cortisol (stress) and thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). Naturally, women have lower basal metabolic rate than men.
When energy metabolism is increased by mental or light physical activity, it is called exercise metabolism. Its rate is about 30% higher than the basal metabolic rate. When the metabolism rate significantly increases due to physical activity, it is referred to as work metabolism.
Energy Sources and their Calorific Value
To satisfy a human’s energy demand, and to maintain a constant energy balance, high-energy nutrients have to be utilised (or ‘burnt’). The energy is supplied by three essential food substrates – carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
|Nutrient||Physiological Calorific Value|
|Lipids (fats)||39 kJ/g|
A distinction is made between the physical and physiological calorific value. The physical calorific value of nutrients refers to the absolute energy content, while the physiological calorific value is the portion of the energy that is used by the human body.
In food utilisation, it affects only proteins, since people cannot use their entire energy (23 kJ/g) and excrete it in the form of unusable but energy-rich urea. Thus, the physiological calorific value is lower than the physical.
Calorimetry and Caloric Equivalent
The act of measuring energy metabolism is called calorimetry. Direct calorimetry, through measuring the heat generated by a combustion reaction, is no longer used. In turn, indirect calorimetry is still widely used in sports medicine and occupational medicine. In this case, the consumed energy is calculated from the consumption of oxygen.
In order to estimate the amount of energy from the consumption of oxygen, the caloric equivalent (CE) is needed. It refers to the energy released, per litre of oxygen consumed, during the combustion of a particular substrate. The caloric equivalent of the diet of an average Central European is 20 kJ per litre of consumed oxygen. The caloric equivalents of different nutrients are organised in the following table. In order to estimate one’s consumption of oxygen, spirometry is typically used.
|Carbohydrate||21 kJ/l O2|
|Lipid||19.5 kJ/l O2|
|Protein||19 kJ/l O2|
The caloric equivalent of 20 kJ per litre of consumed oxygen applies to the Central European mixed diet, and can vary depending on diet composition. Since the caloric equivalents for carbohydrates, fats and proteins lie between 19 kJ and 21 kJ per litre of O2, the possible error is minimal.
However, in order to achieve a higher accuracy, one should identify the primary energy substrate on the basis of respiration quotients (RQ). This refers to the ratio of emitted CO2 to consumed O2 and lies between 0.7 and 1.0 (depending on the diet). The following table provides the respiration quotients for exclusive combustion of each substrate. The emission of CO2 is also estimated using the open circuit spirometry.
|Carbohydrate||RQ = 1.0|
|Lipids||RQ = 0.7|
|Protein||RQ = 0.81|
Body Mass Index (BMI)
The imbalanced energy balance can increase or decrease the body weight and thus the body mass index (BMI). The elevation of the BMI can be a result of the increase in fat tissue during a long period of a positive energy balance, but can also reflect the increase in muscle mass of an athlete. If the BMI is greater than 30, there is a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, and therefore, a dramatically increased mortality rate.
Optimal Diet Composition
The proportion of various nutritional elements in a balanced diet should be based on the following: the recommended daily consumption of protein is 1 g per kg of body weight. This is called protein optimum, and it ensures the daily conversion of structural proteins.
The energy required by the human body should be provided to 50% of carbohydrates, 30% of fats and 10% of proteins. Alcohol often provides 5% of the daily energy requirement, but it should not, under any circumstances, cover a bigger percentage.
Thermoregulation in Humans
The reliable functioning of the human body depends on a constant body temperature. There are different regulatory mechanisms in order to ensure and secure it, despite strongly altering external conditions.
The heat produced by combustion must be used, on the one hand, to stabilise a body’s temperature and, on the other hand, can be emitted to the environment if there is surplus energy. A normal body temperature is approx. 37 °C, but varies depending on the circadian rhythm by about 1 °C.
Regulation of the Body Temperature
The ability to maintain a constant body temperature of about 37 °C is called thermoregulation, and the centre of temperature regulation and metabolic regulation is in the hypothalamus. Both there, and in the periphery, are the cold receptors and the heat receptors (thermoreceptors), which convey their information to the thermoregulatory centre. Here the so-called temperature setpoint is set, i.e. the temperature that the body is trying to maintain.
Two temperature conditions are distinguished: the core temperature (the temperature of the vital organs) and periphery (the temperature of extremities). The thermal exchange takes place via the bloodstream. The first priority of the body is to maintain the core temperature. When the ambient temperature drops, the bloodstream in the periphery is reduced so that the decrease in temperature only affects the extremities, but not the body core.
This reaction to mild hypothermia is called centralisation; it prevents too much heat to be lost through the larger surfaces of the extremities. Therefore, in cold conditions, the temperature of the body periphery can differ from the core temperature by up to 9 °C. From the outside, pale skin and bluish lips can be observed. In warm conditions, the vessels of the skin are dilated and perfusion of the periphery is increased. In this case, the temperature of the core, and of the periphery, converges to a large degree.
The range of temperature which is comfortable for humans, and which requires little effort from the thermoregulatory system and can be maintained by normal blood circulation, is called indifference temperature. For an unclothed, resting person at a relative air humidity, it lies around 28-30 °C; for a clothed person, around 22 °C. Outside this zone, various mechanisms have to be used in order to ensure the constant body temperature of 37 °C.
As a result of chemical reactions, especially combustion reactions, the human body produces heat. The heat generation of individual organs at rest, and under stress, and their respective share of the total generated heat, differ strongly. In particular, muscle activity can significantly increase heat generation and provide a 90% share of heat.
In addition to the increasing urge to move one’s body in cold weather in the form of arbitrary muscle activity, heat can be also produced by shivering. This involuntary reaction reflectively activates antagonists, which results in no actual movement.
The well-perfused and energy-rich brown adipose tissue provides a form of heat generation that is of utmost importance for an infant. It is called non-shivering thermogenesis. The membrane protein thermogenic, or UCP-1 (= uncoupling protein 1), uncouples the respiratory chain. Thus, the breakdown of fatty acids is “short-circuited” so that no ATP is formed and all the energy in the form of heat will be emitted. Thus, stimulated by the beta-adrenergic receptors, the heat can be supplied very quickly.
During heavy physical labour, the human body produces thermal energy (mostly through muscular activity). In order to emit this surplus heat, the human body uses four different mechanisms.
Thermal conduction implies the emission of heat through the skin, while directly contacting with another material. As a result of this contact, a person loses heat, and the extent of this heat exchange largely depends on the material’s thermal conductivity. This is why highly conductive metal seems much colder to us than, let’s say, wood, and more heat is lost through conduction.
Convection, on the other hand, is the transfer of heat to a medium in motion– mostly air that surrounds us. The body surface warms the still layer of air, which then rises and is replaced by colder air. If the medium is in motion, the exchange accelerates, and thus the heat transfer increases, and this is why a perceived temperature is colder in windy weather. The loss of heat in a medium with a higher conductivity (like water, for instance) is also greater. Under standardised conditions, about 15% of heat is emitted through convection.
In contrast to conduction and convection, no direct contact is involved in thermal radiation (infrared radiation). Everybody continually emits energy to the objects in the environment. The extent of this emission depends on the temperature differential. On average, about 60% of the heat of the human body is emitted through thermal radiation.
Evaporation is an effective mechanism of the human body which is also needed for emitting surplus heat, especially at ambient temperatures above 36 °C, as it is the only one available. Sweating (perspiratio sensibilis) is a body regulated process that is influenced by cholinergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Perspiratory glands exclusively contain cholinergic receptors. Their neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.
The evaporation heat of water is 2400 kJ/l, which allows for a high level of heat emission, which is, however, limited by a high level of air humidity. If a person loses a great amount of low-electrolyte liquid through sweating, it can lead to hypertonic dehydration. Daily, the human body involuntarily loses up to 500 ml of liquids through evaporation from the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., of the airways). This phenomenon is called perspiratio insensibilis, and despite the lack of regulatory mechanisms, it contributes not involuntarily to the heat emission.
Hyperthermia occurs when the core body temperature increases due to, for instance, intensive physical stress and the mechanisms of heat emission are insufficient. In case of fever, however, the temperature setpoint increases in the centres of the central thermoregulatory network. This can have different causes. Mostly, bacterial inflammations are responsible for it, but it can also be a result of malignant processes.
The substances responsible for increasing the temperature setpoint are known as a group of so-called pyrogens. The group of foreign, exogenous pyrogens consists of viruses and constituents of bacteria (polysaccharides), which, through the interaction with macrophages and granulocytes, lead to the release of the messenger substances of the immune system. These mediators, in turn, are known as endogenous pyrogens. The major endogenous pyrogens are interleukin 1 (IL-1), interferon, and tumor necrosis factor. At the end of the cascade are prostaglandins, which induce the increase of the temperature setpoint in the hypothalamus.
In order to assess the situation of a patient with fever, several clinical signs of rising or falling fevers can be used. Patients with a rising fever experience strong cold sensations, vasoconstriction on the skin and shivering, since the body core temperature is below the (increased) temperature setpoint. In contrast, a falling fever causes vasodilation and increased sweating. The medication that reduces fever is called antipyretics and they work, like ibuprofen, for instance, by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
Solutions can be found below the references.
1. How much fat can provide the same amount of energy as 50 g of starch?
- About 100 g
- About 850 g
- About 39 g
- About 21 g
- About 50 g
2. How much energy does the human body require in the case of a mixed diet and an oxygen consumption of 12 l?
- 1200 kJ
- 240 kJ
- 120 kcal
- 300 J
- 120 kJ
3. Which of the following statements about thermoregulation is false?
- At rest, thermal radiation produces the most heat.
- Shivering is a body’s voluntary response to the cold.
- Thermoregulation is essentially carried out in the hypothalamus.
- Pyrogens cause the increase of the temperature setpoint of humans.
- Perspiratory glands are stimulated via cholinergic receptors for acetylcholine.
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LEARNING TO WRITE
How DO unschoolers learn to write?
This THIRTY page guide will help you explore the possibilities and see writing in a completely different way from how you learned in school!
Some of what's in this Unschooling Guide:
- Creating a writing-friendly home
- Ideas for supporting a home full of writers
- Learning styles and writing
- Searching for stories in the community
- Your own relationship to writing
- Ways YOU can explore and model writing more
- Deschooling and writing
- Reasons our kids may want to write
- What if they don't?
- My son's path from non-writer to a degree in Journalism
- Practical suggestions for writing
- Ideas about publishing kids' writing
- Extra Resources and Research links
- Fun and inspiring memes about writing
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Pollution Prevention Guidelines to provide technical advice and guidance to staff and consultants involved in pollution-related projects. The guidelines represent state-of-the-art thinking on how to reduce pollution emissions from the production process. In many cases, the guidelines provide numerical targets for reducing pollution, as well as maximum emissions levels that are normally achievable through a combination of cleaner production and end-of-pipe treatment. The guidelines are designed to protect human health; reduce mass loadings to the environment; draw on commercially proven technologies; be cost-effective; follow current regulatory trends; and promote good industrial practices, which offer greater productivity and increased energy efficiency.
Table of Contents
- Industry Description and Practices
- Waste Characteristics
- Pollution Prevention and Control
- Target Pollution Loads
- Treatment Technologies
- Emissions Guidelines
- Monitoring and Reporting
- Key Issues
Industry Description and Practices
The preparation of cement involves mining; crushing, and grinding of raw materials (principally limestone and clay); calcining the materials in a rotary kiln; cooling the resulting clinker; mixing the clinker with gypsum; and milling, storing, and bagging the finished cement. The process generates a variety of wastes, including dust, which is captured and recycled to the process.
The process is very energy-intensive, and
there are strong incentives for energy conservation.
Gases from clinker cooler are used as secondary
combustion air. The dry process, using
preheaters and precalciners, is both economically
and environmentally preferable to the wet process
because the energy consumption—200 joules
per kilogram (J/kg)—is approximately half that
for the wet process.
Certain solid waste products from other industries, such as pulverized fly ash (PFA) from power stations, slag, roasted pyrite residues, and foundry sand, can be used as additives in cement production.
The generation of fine particulates is inherent in the process, but most are recovered and recycled. Approximately 10–20% of the kiln feed can be suspended in the kiln exhaust gases, captured, and returned to the feed. Other sources of dust emissions include the clinker cooler, crushers, grinders, and materials-handling equipment.
When the raw materials have high alkali or chloride content, a portion of the collected dust must be disposed of as solid waste, to avoid alkali buildup. Leaching of the dust to remove the alkali is rarely practiced. Grinding mill operations also result in particulate emissions. Other materials-handling operations, such as conveyors, result in fugitive emissions.
Ambient particulate levels (especially at sizes less than 10 microns) have been clearly demonstrated to be related to health impacts. Gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) are formed from the combustion of the fuel (oil and coal) and oxidation of sulfur present in the raw materials, but the highly alkaline conditions in the kiln can absorb up to 90% of the sulfur oxides. Heavy metals may also be present in the raw materials and fuel used and are released in kiln gases. The principal aim of pollution control in this industry is to avoid increasing ambient levels of particulates by minimizing the loads emitted.
Cement kilns, with their high flame temperatures, are sometimes used to burn waste oils, solvents, and other organic wastes. These practices can result in the release of toxic metals and organics. Cement plants are not normally designed to burn wastes, but if such burning is contemplated, technical and environmental acceptability needs to be demonstrated. To avoid the formation of toxic chlorinated organics from the burning of organic wastes, air pollution control devices for such plants should not be operated in the temperature range of 230–400°C. (For further details, see United States1991.)
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Visualize Brain Tumor Awareness Grey Silicon Rubber Wristband with regard to Brain Cancer Awareness Products
Article Related to Brain Cancer Awareness Products :
Brain Cancer – brain cancer awareness products
Brain cancer is actually a extremely rare type of cancer. When a person suffered from brain cancer, it would often has become a case where the cancer has spread or metastasized from another part of their own bodies. Nonetheless, there have been quite a number of cases where the growth of brain cancer might have started in the brain itself.
This article will look into the following aspects of brain cancer in more detail.
What is brain cancer?
A person is said to suffer from brain cancer when there is a cancerous emergence inside the brain. The malignant tumor of a brain cancer will affect some functions of the brain, based on where it is located. One will often identify their muscle control, receptor capacities and remembrance affected when they are diagnosed with brain cancer.
The National Cancer Institute is forecast that about 20,000 Americans are diagnosed with brain cancer each year. The incidence rate is quite low when compared to other common the different types of cancers such as lung and breast cancers that appreciate more than 200,000 Americans getting diagnosed every year.
What are the causes of brain cancer?
Though affairs are not completely conclusive, the following have been designated as potential causes of cancer in the brain. Revelation to risky chemicals such as benzene and even gasoline has been known to case brain cancer. Other parts that will greatly increase the risk factor links with contracting brain cancer are cigarette smoking and showing to radioactivity. There have been various periodicals that claim that artificial sweeteners can cause brain cancer although the FDA officially announced that the intake of artificial sweeteners does not start a cancer in the brain.
Do cell phone have the ability to motive brain cancer?
Many beings are very anxious about the possibility of contracting a cancer in their psyches from consuming cell phones. However, a large investigate of more than 50,000 cell phone users in 2010 showed that cell phone did not increase the risk of brain cancer in a person. The study was likewise quick to add that” normal cell phone” call is not a threat. Hence, people who expend many hours on the phone should make it a point to cut down on their talk period or at least use the phone on speaker mode, that will greatly reduce the amount of radiation grade from the cell phone onto the brain.
How is brain cancer given?
Surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are the most common different forms of medication for a brain cancer precondition. Medical doctors assigned to a patient is likely to be make use of all three programmes in combination to treat a cancerous tumor in the brain. A surgery is often used to remove cancerous cadres from the brain in an invasive procedure whereas chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used to kill cancerous cadres in non invasive procedures.
Certain other alternative forms of management are also available. Some of these are immunotherapy and a procedure called hyperthermia. In a hyperthermia treatment, individual patients is given hot cares in an effort to kill or at least limit the growth of cancer cells in the brain.
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There seems to a lot of talk today about cleaning with water, so it''s no surprise that I received a question about how real this might be.
So, I looked at some articles that Stephen Ashkin has done and also decided to talk to the folks who are saying that "yes, we clean with water."
In the end, we relied on our own in-field testing using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meters and visual confirmation.
Can you effectively clean and sanitize with water?
The answer seems to be "yes" and "maybe," depending on what you think water is in the three stages of its cleaning life: Before cleaning; during cleaning; and after cleaning.
In approaching this task in these three segments, we uncovered some interesting findings.
In all the samples we tried, the water was water before cleaning — actually, tap water.
We took it from different taps, and the only thing we could claim was that all samples were indeed tap water.
So far, the answer is "yes," as we are starting the cleaning process with water.
This is where water gets interesting.
While no chemicals were added to the tap water, some of it was electrolyzed, some activated and some was ozoned.
Cleaning with activated water through a handheld sprayer delivered remarkable results as a general-purpose cleaner.
How did this work? A spray bottle unit has a battery that is charged, like my cell phone.
Tap water is put into the spray bottle and, as the trigger is activated, the tap water takes on a small "charge" from the battery, which changes the water into a mild acid and a mild alkaline that does the actual cleaning.
It''s this change that gives activated water its power to clean as well or better than many general-purpose chemicals.
We used ATP testing and visual confirmation to determine the cleaning and sanitizing power of each water-based cleaning system.
This general strategy is at work in all the "water" cleaning technologies we examined, even if the change to the tap water is brought about differently.
Cleaning with liquid ozone technology added an extra molecule of oxygen to water to deliver a germ kill rate that was unexpected.
A floor machine with the same technology as the handheld sprayer delivered electrolyzed water for the cleaning of hard surface floors that was amazing.
In addition, we tested another handheld device that uses regular tap water as a powerful general-purpose cleaner.
Again, all took regular tap water, modified it in some way, and used it to clean as well as competing chemical-based products.
So, I have to conclude that during the cleaning process, the tap water is still water; but, it has indeed been changed by one technology or another.
It is water, but not the same.
I wonder what the material safety data sheet (MSDS) materials say about this?
Yet, by any measure, these water-based cleaning strategies work.
But, this is not the real advantage of the water-based cleaning strategy; it''s what happens after cleaning that offers the real surprise.
In each water-based cleaning technology, after a short period of time, the modified water loses it change and reverts back to plain tap water — yes, it becomes plain tap water again.
While this in itself is an interesting and somewhat mysterious event, it has enormous consequences for our health and our environment.
The way we are cleaning our properties today results in the dumping of six billion pounds of chemicals into our environment each year.
As a direct result, we are polluting two-thirds of our streams and waterways.
Twenty percent of office workers experience some form of aggravation from the chemicals that they breathe or absorb — that''s over 10,000,000 of us.
We inhale, ingest or absorb the after-cleaning chemical residual from the way we clean, leading to a low-dose and long-term buildup of toxins in our bodies and contamination of our indoor and outdoor environments.
With an after-cleaning result of plain water from these water-based technologies, the risk to our health and the environment may be suddenly and dramatically reduced.
And, notwithstanding the sanitizing power of these innovations, the impact on our health and the environment has amazing potential.
So, how real are these water-based, chemical-free cleaning strategies and technologies?
Well, as far as we can test and verify, they work — and work well.
I guess that the blinding flash of the obvious has been the realization about the positive impact of chemical-free cleaning on our health and our environment.
Vincent F. Elliott is the founder, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Elliott Affiliates Ltd. of Hunt Valley, Maryland, www.ealtd.com. He is widely recognized as the leading authority in the design and utilization of best practice, performance-driven techniques for janitorial outsourcing and ongoing management.
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NEW YORK -- Who really takes out the Garbage?
New York City produces 25,000 tons of garbage and recyclables a day. Fortunately, the city has a good collection system that is composed of the New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY) and private collection agencies.
The DSNY collects 10,500 tons of garbage and 1760 tons of recyclables from residential, government, and nonprofit agency buildings every day, whereas private carters collect 13,000 tons of garbage from businesses.
For the 2016 fiscal year, the DSNY is expected to cost taxpayers over $1.5 billion.
For more info, visit: http://www.cbcny.org/sites/default/files/REPORT_GarbageFacts_05222014.pdf
NYC's Garbage-Here Today, Gone Tomorrow
Since the closure of Fresh Kills Landfill in 2001, New York City has been without a place to dump its garbage. So, where does the city's garbage go?
Nearly all of it gets shipped to landfills in other parts of the state, as well as Kentucky, New Jersey, and Connecticut, among others. This exporting system is expensive and is expected to cost over $350 million for the 2016 fiscal year.
Who really takes out the garbage, where does it go?
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Don't have ample time to complete your Spectroscopy Homework? Get them done even before their deadline in just 2 simple steps.
Spectroscopy is defined as the observation and the study of the interaction between matter and emitted light or radiated energy by means of a spectroscope. An example of spectroscopy is the analysis of white light by its dispersion with a prism.
The origin of spectroscopy is via the study of visible light which was dispersed according to its wavelength, that is, with the help of a prism. Later the concept was developed greatly to constitute any interaction with energy of radeiation, as a physiological function of its wavelength or frequency. Spectroscopic data is commonly represented by a spectrum, which is a plot of the response as a physiological function of wavelength or frequency.
Biology is a field that has been enriched largely due to the development of many internal and contributing domains such as Spectroscopy. Therefore a clear understanding of Spectroscopy is a mandatory need for all students pursuing biology as their major domain. With the needs of biology graduates including research, writing and analysis in mind, PupilBay offers Spectroscopy homework help with improved interactive learning tools. Our Spectroscopy experts, being veterans in the academic discipline of biology, ensure that you complete all your Spectroscopy homework and assignments are completed on time, with quality and serve as a learning opportunity as well.
For any Spectroscopy assignment help related queries, you may contact us through our LIVE CHAT facility. We are now available 24/7 online to assist you on all your Spectroscopy homework help needs. Kindly login every time before using the 24/7 LIVE CHAT service for better assistance.
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This article is mainly focused on the distinctions in significant differences in business and management practices in the region of the United States, European and Asian countries. It is also aimed to identify and compares those significant differences in terms of organization structure, decision- making business processes and their ownership (equity) structure.
Under globalisation, we share many cultural features and characteristics of a new group of globetrotters. Traditionally, each culture has its unique value system. In a new era, values and norms of global village have been transformed into a dominant cultural system ( Zajda & Daun, 2009).
Furthermore, with the existence of this dominant cultural system and global development of information technology, especially in the presence of k - economy, these developments also bring the impact on the free market economy. The internationalization of the organization is now taken up to further illuminate the internationalization of the process. Historically, the multinational organization or the mother-daughter organization is an early type of worldwide organization for the multinational companies (MNCs), which is typical of the first wave of internationalization of firms, especially for West-European companies. Later, it was developed by big American corporations during the first wave of internationalization of firms and was adopted by West Europe MNCs during the second wave of internationalization of firms (Jansson, 2007).
Global economic developments have enabled the international economy performed either bilateral or multilateral, directly or indirectly resulted in the business and management practices of the firm according to the type of culture and political system of their country. Every country has its own legal system and cultural differences, for instance, the American investors ought to adapt and familiarize themselves with the Japanese’s business and management practices. At times, cultural and political problems often translate into misunderstandings (Lientz & Larssen, 2006). Besides,
cultural and political differences profoundly affect organization’s standard operating procedures (Hui, 2003). It is essential to note that it has been shown by studies that insensitivity to cultural differences and culture is directly linked to loss to business opportunity and money (Abbott & Moran, 2002).
In order to find a function of congruence between management practices and national culture, works unit of one multinational company is examined on the financial performance of European and Asian firms. What standard is used to measure the management practice of a firm? Based on Hofstede's five national culture dimensions and analogous management practice (Hofstede, 2001), work unit financial performance is higher when management practices in the work unit are congruent with the national culture. This was an extensive survey at IBM done in mid 1970’s, which he investigated the influence of national culture and he was able to statistically distinguish cultural differences between countries. The five dimensions are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity and time orientation (Hofstede, 1980) .
According to geo-economist, the global development of the three regional trade is associated with the relations between the so-called “triad” regions of the EU, NAFTA and the Yen-bloc (Spark & Lawson, 2004) “which is coming to replace the predominantly military geopolitics of the past” (Savona & Jean, 2004). Flow of trade, investment and finance is still concentrated among the three major economic powers, the United States, Europe and Japan, and their dominance is expected to continue. As a result, three of these have the capacity, especially if they coordinate their policies, to influence and manage the world's financial markets and other economic trends (Ishak, 2000) .
However, the old power triad—the United States, the European Union and Japan—controlled 75% of world trade, but now desperately needs economic growth to sustain employment and political stability, Sheth (2008) explains. The economic growth of developing countries will create a new power triad-United States, China and India, which will have a tremendous impact on global growth. According to Sheth, that triad is formed. “Regardless of the long history of mistrust, China and India began to forge strong economic ties, "said Sheth. Trade between the two countries, which is less than $ 200 million five years ago, has grown to more than $ 30 billion and likely will be more from $ 50 billion in the next three years, he explains (Emory, 2008).
Organisational structures among the US, European and Asian firms
According to Wikipedia, an organisation structure describes the types of coordination used to organise the actions of individuals and department that contribute to achieving a common goal. Organizational structures developed from the ancient times of hunters and collectors in tribal organizations through highly royal and clerical power structures to industrial structures and today's post-industrial structures ( Wikipedia, 2010).
Mintzberg (1979) defined organisational structure as "the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them". Each configuration contains six components:
1. operating core: the people directly related to the production of services or products;
2. strategic apex: serves the needs of those people who control the organisation;
3. middle line: the managers who connect the strategic apex with the operating core;
4. techno-structure: the analysts who design, plan, change or train the operating core;
5. support staff: the specialists who provide support to the organisation outside of the operating core's activities;
6. ideology: the traditions and beliefs that make the organisation unique
When a company has to increase participation in international trade, this issue has become an increasingly important event. There are some structures that are used by some international firms, including the structure of international specialization, the structure of the product, the structure based on function, structure based on geography, as well as the matrix structure (Nazari, 2001) .
Throughout Asia and Southeast Asia unique mosaic of business groups, government linked enterprises and small family businesses continue the major forms of indigenous business in the country's major cultural tradition and society in Mainland China, Islamic Indonesia and Buddhism in Thailand and the Christianity Philippines (Leung & White, 2004). Outside Japan and Mainland China- big or small- are owned and managed by family members, and the companies are run as extensions of the families ( Backman & Butler, 2003).
The Chaebol, like any other surviving big-business organization, is an entity that endlessly tries to fine-tune its organizational structure to changing environment ( Rowley et al, 2001). The chaebols have been the central feature of industrial organizations in Korea. (Adams, 1999). In other words, a chaebol can be defined as a business group consisting of large firms that are owned and managed by family members in many diversified business areas. The five largest chaebols, in terms of sales, are Hyundai, Samsung, Daewoo, LG and SK (Richter, 2002) .
In recent years, the management training and development programs in Korean firms have emphasized on behavioural and organizational changes. Faced with increasing global competition, many Korean firms have begun programs of great reforms to improve their ability to compete in the open world market with the ultimate objective of becoming “super world-class company.” Many Korean firms have re-defined the core ideas and the new values in this endeavour, and have initiated the changes in their organisational structure, human resource management and the business strategies (Chung et al, 1997).
The Japanese model is a comprehensive reference to a unique management which emphasizes on long term business relationships in business practices; a lifetime employment reliance on seniority in human resource management; a heavy reliance on indirect finance in financial management and the influence exercised by main banks in corporate governance (Shibata & Takeuchi, 2006). In other words, the group-orientated behaviour of the Japanese, combined with corporate capitalism with aim of forming business group (keiretsu), results in the strong loyalty of people to the corporations, namely, corporate collectivism, in sharp contrast to the individualism that is the policy of the West (Sato & Hashino, 1984).
In responding to the challenges of global markets, one of the changes in globalization is the organizational structure of the firms operating in the world market place that is to transform industry structure to their own advantage (Craig & Douglas, 2002; Prahalad & Hamel, 1994). Keeley (2001) argues that the greatest challenge Japanese firms face in expanding their foreign direct investment is how to integrate host country national managers into the management process of their overseas subsidiaries as well as their parent companies themselves. In contrast, the combination of internal in the Japanese domestic business environment and external changes in the international environment has generated strong incentives for Japanese firms to seek new ways to structure and compete (Beechler et al, 2005).
It is undeniable fact that China has hurtled through a breathtaking transformation during twentieth century. When China sets on the course to reform its economy in the late 1970s, inspired by the former leader, the late Deng Xiao Peng, the development of science and technology as a key driving-force of productivity in the economy. The last two decades have shown that large state-owned enterprises evolved from government ministries have been transforming their organizational structures (Zhang, 2004). The Chinese state enterprise management still operates within an imperfect legal framework and an underdeveloped information system. This will continue to generate some substantial difficulties in market efficiency. In order to deal such problems, this typical Chinese approach is to lay down a good network of relationships (guanxi) (Yan, 2000). For developing nations like China needs to reshape their domestic business system to meet international benchmark (Zhang, 2004).
To implement their strategies, the European firms have successfully built their alliances in Asia with local and global partners, through the provision of faculty development, technology training to customers and the industry is willing to customize their global solutions. All of these tactics played with the professional services and claims adjusting the strength of European companies. A second key niche in Europe arose from the organizational culture, complexity of languages, and differences in accounting and legal systems. Here, firms were also able to build on their prior competencies in meeting the needs of large companies ( Aggarwal, 2001).
In terms of the relationship between the U.S. and European firms, Franko (1976) investigated them as mother-daughter structure in which the heads of foreign subsidiaries reported directly to the head of the parent company. The most important was the personal relationship between presidents of parent companies and presidents of foreign ventures. In other words, the mother-daughter firms employed a higher proportion of home-country expatriates as presidents of foreign manufacturing subsidiaries than did firms with alternative structures (Jones, 1996).
Compared to their US competitors, European MNEs largely bypassed the international division and went directly from the decentralised mother- daughter structure to global structures (Borghoff, 2005). Holland and Switzerland had the lowest proportions of firms retaining the mother- daughter structure (next to the United States) suggests that supranational responsibility was especially necessary for those buffeted the most by the winds of international competition. There are about 50% of American affiliates in Europe, mainly American companies produce goods in Europe and is to sell goods there (U.S. Congress, 1988). American affiliates in Europe could not mere copycats of their mother’s house, they had to be original, somewhat Europeanized or even regionalised, with plural- national scales within the continental. Today, the word "glocal" has been invented to talk about globalised companies, and in fact we could see as leverage to a better understanding of the development of American companies in Europe 20th century ( Goey & Bonin, 2009). As far as this “ globalization-localization” is concerned, this mind-set is the key of learning how to adapt business practices and information-management processes to different market and cultural environments (Hui, 2003).
In the context of manufacturing industries, despite global advantages in these sectors passed from European to American then to Japanese companies from 1920s to 1980s, it is impossible to point to any special structure combination as uniquely successful for multinational companies. The strength of multinational corporations in Europe was to adapt to their conditions and market demands. The strength of the U.S. multinational was able to transfer technologies and proven new products from their base to the national subsidiaries. That of the multinational companies from Japan was to improve the efficiency of global integration (Grant,2002).
Decision making business processes among the US, European and Asian firms
In the business world, companies are faced with decisions about new strategies to implement, the new operations and hire a new marketing campaign for the board. When it comes time for decision makers to choose the center for their organization, there are some tools that a business decision to help organize their ideas and assist decision-making process ( Bartolemei, 2010). A few types of tools or models that have been used in business world are SWOT analysis, PDCA (Plan, Do, Check and Act), pros and cons model, forecasting, decision trees and linear programming. These tools or models can help businesses to determine the best strategic choices for their company ( Bartolemei, 2010). Moreover, Vadim (2010) mentions that decision is the key to transformation and the most successful people make decisions quickly and change them slowly.
Cultural values also affect the way people make decisions. In hierarchical societies, decisions typically are made by strong leaders who may or may not confer with colleagues or direct reports. By contrast, in egalitarian cultures everyone feels empowered to participate in the debate and at least vote in the final decision. Participation in teams and meetings also follows hierarchical levels. For instance, Chinese, Indian and Japanese workers won’t speak during a meeting due to someone of higher status is present. By contrast, in egalitarian cultures, meetings often are conducted to make decisions and determine implementation tactics (Solomon & Schell, 2009).
United States as the most important country of the world, accounting for 40% -50% of the total world market, such as telecommunications, securities trading, air services and the power. In these sectors, the United States introduced major regulatory reforms, which have an impact on other countries. They changed the chance to compete in the world market pressure, due to the size of the United States. They varied opportunities and competitive pressures in world markets, because of the size of the United States, for instance by allowing the establishment of very large companies with the capacity to expand in Europe. They provided a good example of reform and a clear opportunity for Europe companies to enter the large and attractive United States market, followed by strategy and the impact of European policy makers (Thatcher, 2007).
Decision-making in European Community (EC) is decentralized. Business must focus on EC institutions and national governments. The main institutions are the EC Commission, the EC Parliament and the Council of Ministers. The key decision maker is the Council of Ministers. The pattern of government-business relations in Europe markedly differs from the US. US firms are considered active participants in European Representative Organizations and as interlocutors of governments. To a reasonable extent, the US companies have been accepted as an equal basis with European companies (Harrison, 1994).
The report commissioned by the Bretton Woods Project indicates that the lack of basic democracy, accountability and transparency in European decision-making process on issues of financial markets. This is clearly reflected in the inadequacy and biased duties of the European Central Bank and also increasing number of informal and institutionalized groupings which address the problems of financial markets as well as dominate the discourse and the formal decision-making process (Myriam, 2008).
There are five key areas of Obama-Geithner Plan which is aimed at reforming and modernizing the U.S. regulatory system for the 21st century including promote robust supervision regulation of financial firms, establishing comprehensive regulation of financial markets, protect consumers investors from financial abuse, provide government with tools it needs to manage financial crises and raise international standards as well as improve regulatory co-operations (Saunders & Allen, 2010.
The role of family affects the most in Asian business, which interacts the important cultural concepts of guanxi (“personal relationship” or “connections”)(Chen, 2001; Hempel & Chang (2002). In Hong Kong and Singapore, for instance, significantly more than 90% of businesses have fewer than 100 employees. Family businesses account for a large proportion of businesses in Asia. Asian family businesses differ systematically from the typical mature Western business (Tan, 2003). For example, as characterized by Hempel and Chang (2002) said that the overseas Chinese business has centralized decision making by the founder or his immediate family.
Unlike in Japanese organization, the process of ringi or group decision making is considered peculiar by westerners because it is so different from the westerner organization. Many western scholars and businesspeople are very critical of Japanese decision making processes as intuitive and irrational (Nishiyama, 2000). Gerzberger (1994) said that decision making of Japanese business is a time-consuming process as it includes the involvement and discussion of almost every employee. On the other hand, based on a firm-level survey, it is indicated that Japanese firms are organized in a decentralized fashion in terms of their decision-making system as compared to the US firms (Shibata and Takeuchi, 2006).
The survey done by Ouchi, Pascal and Athos (1981) about the decision- making process in the Japanese organizations practiced bottom-up decisions in which employees at the lowest rank were asked for their input on major decisions. In contrast, the American organization practices topdown decision-making without any discussion with employees and then implement the decision by downward communications. At times, the American firms rather make quick decisions and the firms are bogged down in implementing the decisions because they faced resistance with employees (Gunderson and Sharpe, 1998).
The tool for decision making in the typical Japanese company and the Z American is the "group", based on sharing information and an attachment to consensus. In contrast, U.S. companies account for the typical person a prominent position in decision-making, a consultative process is not a prerequisite for the decision taken (McKenna, 2000). Theory Z by William Ouchi was to compare and contrast the US management practices with those of Japan (Gershon, 2001).
The Euro-group and European Business Associations play a vital role in influencing the business policy in European Union. A more study recent study on Union of Industrial Employers’ Confederations of Europe (UNICE) deals with organisation’s influence on the European policy process (Matyja, 1997). Besides, it is also shown that multinational companies essentially broadened their base of influence inside UNICE through direct enterprise membership (Bethke, 2007). Green-Cowles (1994) points out that European Round Table of Industrialists, a highly influential association of multinational companies, as a key supporter of the European Single Market and its influence on decision making. In pertaining to this, she also demonstrates American multinationals have their influential roles organised in Brussels based American Chamber of Commerce on European Union decisions.
According to Gartner Research (2002), a study has shown that Business Intelligence (BI) is a key cornerstone in Corporate Performance Management (CPM) in both Europe and the USA. A key part is being able to access reliable intelligence so as to support accurate decision-making in dynamic business environments (Xu, 2007). The aim of Business Intelligence is to help decision makers make well-informed choices. ( Gonzales, 2003) Furthermore, Business Intelligence systems can help to provide knowledge workers with tools and methodologies that allow them to make timely and effective decisions (Vercellis, 2009).
Ownership structures among the US, European and Asian firms
Equity as ownership in any asset after all debts associated with that asset are paid off. For example, a car or house with no outstanding debt is considered the owner's equity because he or she can readily sell the item for cash. Stocks are equity because they represent ownership in a company ( Investopedia, 2009). There are different types of ownership in the business world, including sole ownership, partnership, public and private limited company and cooperatives.
Study on the role of family ownership structure is critical to the effectiveness of corporate governance employed by the firms in Asia (Claessens & Fan, 2002). Unlike developed countries such as UK and US with dispersed ownership structure, Asian firms have more concentrated ownership structure where family control is common in both small and established firms (Mak & Kusnadi, 2005). As highlighted by Bartholomeusz and Tanewski (2006), there are several reasons to favour family-controlled firms as agents are to reduce agency costs. First, family firms can protect their family if the benefits of the firm are borne by the same person. Secondly, family firms are in a better position to monitor the firms’ activities as they greater expertise. Third, having a close relationship, they are tied together that enhance an effective decision- making and an efficient communication. Fourth, family firms adherence to maximize long term wealth of their firms so as to protect family’s reputation which in reduces the agency costs.
The founder of the family is a special class of shareholders, because they often hold portfolios less diversified, but at the same time, they are long- term investors, because their goal is to bequeath to the next generations. In the U.S., it is reported that one-third of Standard and Poor’s ( S & P) 500 firms can be classified as family firms ( Anderson & Reeb, 2003). In the case of a ‘founder’, where the company is a founding member of the family is involved with the company, most likely as a CEO or the chairman. The distinction family and founder company - a category that includes Dell, Oracle, and Microsoft - is important because such companies are likely to differ in significant ways. Founder CEO typically has a unique expertise and experience, and talent management to run a major company that does not have properties inherited by their descendants. Founder is also usually has more invested in his companies than his offspring. The company's founder does not have to deal with complex issues of the family including the succession of ownership. In fact, many choose not owned or controlled by the founder of a major transmission to family members, but sell to outsiders instead (Chew & Gillan, 2009).
One of the fastest growing areas of research in international business has been equity structure assessment. In the wake of international turmoil of recent years, particularly refer to the 2007 US financial crisis, the proximate causes of credit crisis was the interplay between two choices made by the banks (Kashyap, 2010). In this financial crisis, the management have not looked after the long term interests of the shareholders, rather they have maximised benefits for themselves (Wang, 2009).
The incentive-to-accountability system - set by the board of directors on behalf of shareholders - is the core of corporate governance. This is an institutional arrangement that shared interests between the shareholders and the management. The non-functioning incentive-to-accountability system indicates that shareholders have lost power relative to the board of directors and the management, and are unable to do anything, their interests are jeopardised by the management. They are always in a weak position in any conflict between the shareholders and the management. Listed companies in the United States are now the best examples of this phenomenon (Wang, 2009) .
The consequences of inadequate risk management can be a financial crisis that spills over into the real economy. In the late 1990s, the consequences of several East Asian countries have experienced major failure of risk management at the individual level and corporate regulatory level. Many Asian countries drew this conclusion experience that rapid increases in asset prices and / or in debt may endanger financial stability (Wall, 2010). As a result, many regulatory agencies in Asia including - Hong Kong, China, India, Thailand and the Republic of Korea - increased regulatory restrictions on domestic mortgage loan to prevent rising prices and debt levels (Vanikkul, 2009).
In recent years, Israelis knowledge-intensive born global companies have gained attention as they cannot be classified as MNCs nor exporting Small Medium Enterprises due to their limited scope of operations and their small size. Israel is regarded as second most active venture capital market after Silicon Valley (Dana et al, 2008) . It appears that these companies use patents to protect their innovations. More than 50% of their sample products are patented even if they are expensive and resource demanding (Ndubisi, 2008).
The characteristic feature of modern world industry is not only free trade in goods and services, but also free movement of a capital. In different regions all over the world, a stock exchange listing, rates of interest and course of currency are interconnected. World financial markets and capital markets significantly influence on financial-economic conditions. Moreover, international investment capital plays an important role in financial development in separate countries as well as in the regions all over the world. The above mentioned condition helps through "the inflow" of investment capital in highly-profitable countries.
Nowadays, it is increasingly an electronic market, with pervasive use cutting-edge computer applications, it is open to millions simultaneous investors and conceivably able to maximise the chances that market participants have basically instantaneous access to the same information no matter where they are (Cetina & Preda, 2005).
As mentioned by Prahalad and Hamel (1994) in the book “Competing for the future”, today’s executives should identify and accomplish no less than heroic goals in tomorrow’s marketplace. They also pointed that there is no single economy, whether the U.S., European, or Asian, is immune from wrenching changes brought about by technological revolution, deregulation, and corporate entropy.
In a nutshell, as global citizens, other than MNCs as stated, when any country engages in international trade, they need to adapt constantly to the future of world civilization and global business environmental changes in terms of changes in organizational structure, decision-making business processes and equity ownership structures. Those countries involve in the international trade should also need to face the future challenges by equipping themselves with innovations and effective business models as these two are tremendous valuable assets to a company ( Prasad et al, 2010). At this very moment, they point out that the best ICT potential has yet been properly explored. The concept of ‘Green ICT’ plays an increasingly important role in business world particularly and private life by increasing the international inter-connectedness and speed up the process of globalization. Besides, as suggested by Swallow (2009), the future business world should carry out ‘Green Business Standards’ by striving to improve business performance and mainly generating a common platform for understanding such as corporate social responsibility, sustainability and Green Business Practices ( Swallow, 2009). Nonetheless, today’s business world from now and then has to keep up with the accelerated pace of globalization, rapid technological change, and the growth of new economy ‘knowledge-intensive’ industries (Ndubisi, 2008).
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The Muscogee (Creek) Nation Department of Health is one of the largest Tribal Health Systems in Oklahoma. The foundations of the current Muscogee (Creek) Nation Health System can be traced to the Snyder Act of 1921 and the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976, which provide specific legislative authority for Congress to appropriate funds for the healthcare of Indian people. The basis for the development of the present system of health for the Muscogee (Creek) Nation began in 1975, with the passage of the Indian Self-Determination and Education and Assistance Act. This legislation gave Tribal governments the ability to contract and operate programs of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service.
On November 4, 1977, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation signed a Sub-Lease agreement and an Operation and Maintenance agreement with the Trustees of the Okfuskee Memorial Hospital Authority and the Okfuskee County Commissioners to occupy and operate the former Okfuskee County Hospital in Okemah on a thirty-year lease purchase. That facility is now the Creek Nation Community Hospital in Okemah, Oklahoma.
From 1976 through 1988, the Health System was operated under the broad guidance of the Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes, which included the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. In 1988, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation National Council approved the Hospital and Clinic Board Act of 1988, which established a Board to provide for the functional management of the Health System. In 1992, legislation was passed that created the Division of Health Administration, moving the functional management of the Health System directly under the Executive Branch of the Nation. The Division was managed by a Director appointed by the Principal Chief with the consent of the National Council. This was changed in 1994 with the passage of the Hospital and Clinics Act of 1994, which established the Health System as an independent agency of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation separate from the Executive Branch and under the direct oversight and management of a Health System Board. The Division Director was to be recommended by the Board and approved by the National Council and Principal Chief.
Prior to 2002, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation had contracted with Indian Health Service to provide healthcare services to its citizens. In 2002, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation entered into an Indian Self-Determination compact with the Indian Health Service to provide for the healthcare needs of its people. This method of agreement allowed the Muscogee (Creek) Nation much greater flexibility in the provision of services for the tribal population.
The Health System remained under the control of the Health System Board until February 2009. At that time, the National Council passed legislation thereby eliminating the Health Board, changing the status of the Health System from an independent agency, and returning it to the direct supervision of the Executive Branch, with the Secretary of Health appointed by the Principal Chief and confirmed by the National Council.
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What Are Vaccines?
by Michael Jubinville, MPH
A vaccine is a biological substance designed to protect humans from infections caused by bacteria and viruses. Vaccines are also called immunizations because they take advantage of our natural immune system’s ability to prevent infectious illness. To understand how vaccines work, we need to consider how our immune system protects us from infections.
The Immune System TOP
The immune system is a 24-hour machine equipped to manage attacks from invaders to prevent or inhibit infections. It is made up of organs, tissues, and several types of cells that work together to protect the body. The immune cells must be able to determine which cells or proteins are normally in the body and which ones are foreign. Bacterial and viral cells have markers called antigens. Antigens are capable of inducing an immune response in the body. Each type of bacteria or virus has different antigens.
First, in the presence of foreign cells or proteins that may cause danger, special immune cells called lymphocytes, become active. They take steps against the antigen and its owner, either by unleashing a direct assault on the invader or discharging antibodies to do the job. Think of it as a lock and key system. Specific antibodies take out specific antigens.
After an infection, sometimes the antibodies remain in the blood and will begin to fight the infection right away if you are exposed to it again. At other times they do not. However, the next time the antigen is identified, the body recognizes them (memory) and begins to make antibodies against it. Common symptoms, like a sore throat or fever, may be present until the immune system catches up with the invaders. A fever is one way the body fights invaders.
The immune system, while efficient, is specific. It is designed to promote future or long-term immunity to individual organisms. One example is the seasonal flu. Have you ever wondered why you or someone else gets the flu every year, even when you have had it before? The answer is that there are many different strains of the influenza virus that get passed around each season. These different strains all have different antigens. Being immune to last year’s flu strain may protect you for the duration of the season, but it will be of little use when next year’s strains come around.
That's why vaccines are useful and important. They are designed to create defenses against specific diseases before you even get them and help you stay healthy.
How Vaccines Fit In TOP
The concept behind vaccines is to stimulate an antibody memory response without producing an actual illness. When this happens, you get the immunity without getting sick. A vaccine must contain at least one antigen from the bacteria or virus in order to get a response.
There are several ways an antigen can be used:
The presence of a vaccine in the body causes the immune system to produce antibodies against the invading antigens. Usually, it takes more than one vaccine to attain a full response. Most are done in a series of vaccines that are given at specific intervals of time. Some, such as tetanus, may need to redone periodically to maintain immunity (a booster).
Reduction in immunity over time can cause outbreaks of disease in a group or community of people who no longer have immunity. This happens periodically with mumps outbreaks on college campuses or in cases of pertussis (whooping cough) in adults. Outbreaks can also occur because of lapses in booster doses or in areas where vaccination rates are low. Increases in the rates of whooping cough, measles, and mumps result from these lapses.
Vaccines can be:
Vaccines to Prevent Other Diseases TOP
All vaccines are designed to target infections. However, two commonly recommended vaccines have the added benefit of protecting against cancer:
The Importance of Vaccination TOP
Vaccines have been around long enough that many young people and parents are unaware of the devastation that infectious disease has caused around the world. Most diseases that used to kill or disable so many people are not present in the US any longer. Because of this, many people think that these vaccines are no longer needed. This is not so because most of these diseases can be found in other parts of the world.
One notorious, highly contagious disease left its mark on human history for 3,000 years before it was eradicated through vaccination. Smallpox infected 50 million people worldwide every year and killed nearly a third of those who contracted it. Survivors were left with disfiguring skin lesions (even on the face), total blindness, or both. In 1979, thanks to a global effort, 50 million cases of smallpox per year was eventually reduced to zero. Many other vaccine-preventable diseases have seen dramatic drops in infection rates. Polio is likely to be eradicated in the next few years.
To completely eradicate an infectious illness, high vaccination rates are necessary. For example, if a non-vaccinated person with measles enters a new community, they will have no impact on that community if all of its members are already immune to measles. This is called herd immunity. The concept of global vaccination and herd immunity may lull you into thinking your child is protected because of others, but this is not true. We live in a global community where people with serious infections can get around the world in a matter of hours. It does not take long for a contagious disease to spread among people who are unprotected. This has occurred recently with outbreaks of measles and mumps. Both diseases have serious health complications.
Keep in mind that vaccinating your child will protect others as well. People in certain populations or infants may not be able to get a vaccine. Having your child vaccinated protects your child and anyone they come in contact with.
Safety and Controversy TOP
Vaccine safety has been a concern since they have been available, so the controversies are not new. Over the years, some vaccines have been recalled or linked to other heath conditions. Unvalidated information can lead others to think vaccines cause more harm than good, and this is not the case. Although there are some risks involved in getting vaccinated, they are overwhelmingly safe. The most recent public controversy concerns the MMR vaccine and its link to autism, a developmental disability. There was one, now retracted, study that showed this. However, there have been numerous studies since then that prove there is no link, but the negativity surrounding MMR safety persists.
As a parent, you need to have all the facts before you make a decision. Learn what ingredients are used to make a vaccine, the disease's history, and how it can affect your child and those around your child.
Most everyone, from infancy to adulthood, can be vaccinated. There are some considerations for certain populations, like transplant recipients or those with suppressed immune systems. These can be addressed on an individual basis.
Have an open, honest discussion with your child's doctor to address any concerns you may have about vaccination.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Family Doctor—American Academy of Family Physicians
Caring for Kids—Canadian Paediatric Society
Public Health Agency of Canada
Bladder cancer. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115106/Bladder-cancer. Updated November 22, 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017.
Childhood vaccines: What they are and why your child needs them. American Academy of Family Physicians Family Doctor website. Available at: https://familydoctor.org/childhood-vaccines-what-they-are-and-why-your-child-needs-them. Updated December 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017.
Human papillomavirus vaccine. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.... Updated September 2, 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017.
Immunizations in adults. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.... Updated February 7, 2017. Accessed March 1, 2017.
Immunizations in children and adolescents. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.... Updated February 7, 2017. Accessed March 1, 2017.
Overview of the immune system. NIAID website. Available at: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/immune-system-overview. Updated December 30, 2013. Accessed March 1, 2017.
STD facts—HPV and men. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv-and-men.htm. Updated December 28, 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017.
Vaccines and side effects: The facts. Healthy Children—American Academy of Pediatrics website. Available at: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Vaccines-And-Side-Effects-The-Facts.aspx. Updated November 21, 2015. Accessed March 1, 2017.
Vaccines for children—a guide for parents and caregivers. US Food & Drug Administration website. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ResourcesforYou/Consumers/ucm345587.htm. Updated September 16, 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017.
Last reviewed February 2017 by Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
Last Updated: 3/1/2017
EBSCO Information Services is fully accredited by URAC. URAC is an independent, nonprofit health care accrediting organization dedicated to promoting health care quality through accreditation, certification and commendation.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
To send comments or feedback to our Editorial Team regarding the content please email us at email@example.com. Our Health Library Support team will respond to your email request within 2 business days.
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So often when we hear the term “bullying” we immediately think of the person who is the target of harmful behaviours and we conjure up an image of a group of young people circling around a single student and taunting or pushing the individual who is the focus of their attack. Alternatively, we may associate bullying as harmless banter between kids (or adults) who are only seeking to get a rise out of their intended victim. In both these examples, the scenarios described are examples of bullying but they are not limited to the school playground or the office lunch room nor are they “innocent” or “harmless acts”. Rather, bullying is happening across our country at staggering rates and it finds itself in daycare centres, schools, colleges, universities, businesses, organizations, corporate boardrooms, and in different levels of government. In all cases, the consequences are serious. According to one source, bullying is defined as repetitive, aggressive behaviours where an imbalance of power is exercised either through verbal bullying, social bullying, physical bullying or a combination of all three forms. Further, the effects of bullying can be long lasting and the consequences are far reaching for the victim, the offender(s) and the witnesses to this behaviour. Those who bully, those who suffer at the hands of the bully, and those who observe bullying behaviours all risk potential physical, social, and mental health problems.
Although the focus of this article is specific to bullying in young people, the efforts to eliminate or at the very least, curtail the incidence of bullying requires a societal response and it must start with adult intervention. At the core, bullying is about disrespect and those who bully use power and control in their relationships. How adults respond to bullying will either be from a position of action or from a position of indifference and what is modeled will ultimately determine whether the abusive behaviour continues or is extinguished.
The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy has written a short article that deals with the topic of bullying and it outlines what adults can do, when to seek outside assistance, and the signs to look for in a child who is being bullied. Also included is a link to PREVNet, Canada’s leading authority on research and resources for bullying prevention. Further, you will find a link to a U.S. government website that deals with the topic of bullying. Follow the links below to read about bullying and to access additional resources directly related to the topic of bullying. Also included are two short videos from Health Choices First that deal with the topics of school bullying and teenage bullying. Each video is less than two minutes and is well worth the watch.
I am here to help if you have a child who is being bullied or is the perpetrator of bullying behaviour. Call me at 250-212-6001 for a confidential appointment. You may also fill in the confidential contact form found on this website and I can work with you and/or your child/teenager or young adult to develop strategies to help end bullying.
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By Dan Cropp
My father never liked computers. When asked why, his answer was one heard often about technology: “It’s not user-friendly.” Dad wanted his computer to be simple to use, like his telephone. When I think about automated phone systems and speech recognition tools, I see the wisdom in my father’s words.
Many people dislike automated phone systems. Some gripe about going through menu after menu, only to be sent back to the beginning. Others complain that handset keypads can’t be used with such systems. The user usually has to put the phone to their ear to listen to the prompts, move the phone to read the digits and press the right one, and then put the phone back to their ear to listen for the next prompt. Many automated systems don’t allow time for these gymnastics, so a call can take several attempts to complete.
I can’t use my cell phone with such systems. The keypad is so small and hard to hit that I’ve stopped trying to use it during a call. To be fair, capturing digits has long been the only way to reliably retrieve information from callers.
However, speech recognition is rapidly altering this reality. Speech recognition is generally lumped into three categories: speaker verification, speaker-dependent, and speaker-independent.
Speaker verification is used to verify that a particular person is calling. It’s typically used for security purposes to match a voice to a previously recorded voice.
Speaker-dependent recognition describes a system that must be trained to recognize an individual voice. Once trained, the system can recognize what the person is saying, word for word. This type of recognition is typically found in transcription environments.
Speaker-independent recognition is used in environments where anyone might call in and the system must be able to recognize any voice. This type of speech recognition is the most common in the telephone world. Speaker-independent recognition is typically command-based. At any time, there is a limited set of commands and phrases the system expects to hear.
For example, a voicemail system might ask the caller to verbalize an action for a message they just listened to: “What would you like to do next?” “Delete this message?” “Play the next message?” “Logout?” and so on.
Speech recognition began hitting the mainstream about a decade ago. It came with lots of promises, but it didn’t really deliver. I guess Star Trek led to unreasonable expectations for such new technology. Early speech recognition systems required the user to spend hours training it to recognize just their voice. Even then, it had at best a 97 percent chance of being correct.
I once asked every speech recognition vendor at COMDEX if their technology would work in a phone system. The vendors all politely pointed out that a phone call presents many challenges they hadn’t yet solved.
About five years ago, speech recognition capabilities started appearing in automated phone systems. These were little more than DTMF systems that had been modified to allow users to say digits instead of pressing them. These early systems were fun to try, but offered no significant benefits considering their high costs.
Last week, my home Internet connection wasn’t working. I called my Internet service provider, and an automated voice said there would be a thirty-minute wait before talking to a support technician. The voice asked if I would like to try the automated support system while I waited.
I had work to do, my wife had my car, and I needed to connect to the network at my office, so I said, “Yes.” The system asked me to describe the problem. “I can’t connect to the Internet,” I replied. The system recognized what I said and began asking questions about my hardware.
After a few questions, the system prompted me to unplug the modem. I did and said, “The modem is unplugged.” The system said, “You must now wait sixty seconds and plug it back in. To help you, we will let you know when this time has expired.” After exactly a minute, the system said, “Please plug the modem back in.” I did this and said so. The system told me to wait for the lights on the modem to stop flashing, then power up my computer, and try connecting to the Internet.
I anxiously opened the Web browser on my laptop. Much to my surprise, I was on-line. I could connect to my office and get my work done. In a matter of a few minutes, I went from a disgruntled customer to one singing the praises of the automated support system.
Besides making calls easier for callers, there’s another compelling reason to consider adopting speech recognition. Numerous studies show that using a cell phone while driving is unsafe. Fifteen states and many municipalities have enacted restrictions on cell phone use while driving. Many more laws affecting cell phone use while at the wheel are in the works. New York now prohibits drivers from using cell phones unless they are hands-free devices. California will begin requiring drivers to use hands-free phones in 2008.
Daily commute times have increased in recent years and will continue to increase. While commuting, many of us use cell phones to keep in touch with family and friends and to get work done during our drive time. These impending cell phone laws will force vendors to add speech recognition to their phone systems or risk losing business.
Still not convinced that speech recognition is worth looking at? Then consider how speech recognition could improve a basic voicemail system. With speech recognition, a voicemail system could do anything we’ve become accustomed to doing with email systems.
Obviously, callers would be able to issue simple voice commands, such as replying, saving, deleting, and navigating through messages. But voicemail systems could be made to support advanced commands, such as “Find all messages from John Smith,” “Are there any other messages from this person?” and “Play all messages recorded yesterday.” A speech recognition-enabled messaging system could be tied directly into multiple email accounts and share the user’s contact list with the voice messaging system, and so much more.
Imagine being able to call a single number to retrieve all of your messages, regardless of their origin. Text messages could be played back using text-to-speech translation. Voice messages, including text and voice attachments, could be played back over the phone.
Such a system could easily allow you to issue a command action, such as “Reply,” for an email message. Your voice would be recorded and then either attached to an email as an audio file or translated into text using a speech-to-text engine.
Another benefit to speech recognition systems is the ability to support multiple languages. A speech recognition system could prompt callers to say their preferred language: “English,” “Español,” or others. This requires the system to recognize just one word up front. From this point on, the system would prompt only in the user’s selected language and, more importantly, it would recognize phrases and pronunciations specific to that language. Multilingual systems require more thought and input from someone familiar with your system and the languages your callers speak.
There are some things that speaker-independent recognition does not do well. At any given time, it uses a list of words and phrases to compare the detected speech against. If a list contains multiple words that sound alike, speech recognition has trouble detecting the differences. For example, a list checking for “Bye” or “Dye” has trouble with the distinction. So do people. Often, it’s better to look for phrases instead: “Good-bye,” “Joseph Dye.”
Speech recognition also struggles with the alphabet. The alphabet consists of short syllables, and it’s difficult to recognize these over the phone. We’ve become accustomed to saying a letter and a word that starts with that letter: “D as in Dan, A as in Adam, N as in Nancy.” However, there are ways around this problem. One is to have the system ask the caller to say and spell the name: “Dan, D A N.” In my experience, this works sometimes, but not every time.
The human brain and voice are capable of so many combinations that speech recognition will never be able to totally replace live phone agents. But just as computers were made to handle redundant tasks and improve human productivity, speech recognition can do the same thing for phone systems.
Speech recognition isn’t a fit for every scenario. It really comes down to what is needed to handle each call. Speech recognition should be viewed in the same light as any new technology. When looking at speech recognition systems, make sure they are flexible and able to meet your needs. Take time to “kick the tires” and “look under the hood” of the system. Some processes may need to be tweaked after the system is up and running.
The first question is, “Will it be an improvement?” If your answer is “Yes,” then ask yourself if the benefits are worth the cost of the resources required, the set up work, and the training time.
If your agents gather lots of personal information from callers, items like phone number, city, state, and postal code can easily be handled by speech recognition. Items such as names and addresses are more difficult, so it may be better to have a live agent handle those.
Speech recognition pricing comes in several categories: number of voice ports, types of recognition, and available languages. The type of recognition is dependent on the maximum number of phrases that need to be recognized at any given time. For example, the system could ask a caller to say the name of the person in a large directory, solicit a “yes/no” response, or require a keypad digit.
The number of speech recognition licenses needed is determined by the number of simultaneous calls to be handled using speech recognition. If ten callers will be asked questions at the same time, ten speech recognition licenses would be needed.
If you haven’t tried speech recognition for a few years, it’s time for another look. Automated phone systems have undergone big changes. Dad is probably saying, “It’s about time they made it easy!”
Dan Cropp, a senior software engineer at Amtelco, is the primary designer of Amtelco’s “Just Say It” speech recognition and interactive voice response products. He was the principle engineer in the migration of Amtelco’s Infinity Telephone Agent software from the DOS platform to the Microsoft Windows operating system in the mid-1990s.
Speech Recognition Vendors
For a list of Speech Recognition vendors who specialize in the Outsourcing Call Center industry, please see our current Speech Recognition Vendor Listing
[From Connection Magazine – May 2007]
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Vitamin Status Is Behind Calf Wrecks
When a potload of newly arrived calves spends more time in the sick pen than in the feedlot, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) may be the immediate cause. But poor antioxidant vitamin status could be the true culprit.
That's according to Norbert Chirase, a Texas A & M University researcher specializing in feedlot cattle health and nutrition.
“Many feedlot managers don't realize that the levels of the antioxidant vitamins A, C and E just plummet when calves are shipped,” says Chirase. “The lower these levels are, the more calves that are pulled. Cattle with low antioxidant levels are more likely to get sick and to die.”
Although scientists don't fully understand the role of antioxidant vitamins in cattle, they're known to be critical for a healthy immune system. A healthy immune system enables livestock to better cope with stress, including stress related to transportation, diet changes, commingling, dust, hot or cold weather and disease.
In several studies, Chirase and his research group have shown a direct correlation between low antioxidant vitamin status and illness, which translates into poor calf performance.
In one study, for example, 120 feeder steer calves were purchased in Tennessee and shipped to Bushland, TX, to study the effects of transportation and feedlot acclimatization stress. To simulate feedlot stress, one calf group was subjected to simulated dust storms inside a tent.
Calves were weighed and blood samples were taken three days before shipping, upon arrival at the study site and every seven days for 28 days.
Transportation stress reduced serum vitamin E from 7.10 micrograms/milliliter (ug/ml) to 1.95 ug/ml. That's under the critical 2 ug/ml level indicating inadequate antioxidant levels, says Chirase. Calves in the dust stress environment continued to have lower serum vitamin E concentrations (1.88 ug/ml vs. 2.11 ug/ml) throughout the trial.
Average daily gain (ADG) showed a similar pattern to antioxidant levels. On Day 28, ADG of calves subjected to dust was lower than controls (1.95 lbs./day vs. 3.2 lbs./day). All calves were fed a receiving diet with vitamin A at 20,000 IU/kg of dry matter and vitamin E at 300 IU/kg of dry matter.
Data showed that as serum vitamin A and vitamin E fell, calf rectal temperatures increased. BRD incidence increased as well, hinting at the link between low antioxidant status, a suppressed immune system and illness, says Chirase. As BRD incidence increased, serum vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations decreased, as did ADG.
In another study on the impact of stress on vitamin C, calves purchased in Arkansas were backgrounded on receiving diets for 28 days and shipped to Bushland, TX. Shipping stress decreased average blood vitamin C concentrations from 2.67 micro Moles/liter (uM/L) to 0.16 micro Moles/liter, with some calves below detectable levels.
This result was surprising because beef cattle synthesize their own vitamin C, so higher concentrations were expected. “During stress, vitamin C may be used faster than it can be synthesized, or the machinery for making it could be affected by stress,” he says.
Stress creates antioxidant vitamin demands that are higher than are commonly being fed, says Chirase. “There is definitely a decrease in feed intake, too, so the nutrient density should be increased for stressed and sick calves,” he says.
“I would definitely think that we need to be feeding more vitamin E,” Chirase adds. “Vitamin C, which has been protected from rumen breakdown, as well as the trace mineral selenium also would be good candidates. All of these are related. Selenium helps vitamin E and vitamin A in tissue protection. Vitamin C activates vitamin E.”
Chirase suggests livestock producers follow recommendations by consulting nutritionists and vitamin manufacturers on vitamin levels for stressed calves. Because free vitamin C is rapidly destroyed in the rumen, it can't be effectively supplemented to cattle if it isn't in a protected form, he cautions.
Chirase plans to conduct further research to fine-tune vitamin supplementation strategies to counteract transportation and feedlot stress.
Purdue University scientists are using breakthrough molecular research and other new technologies to slash diagnosis time in the battle against Johne's disease. Johne's is a little known, usually fatal infection that costs the U.S. cattle industry $1 billion/year.
USDA estimates that 22% of the nation's dairy herds are infected with the intestinal illness. To make matters worse, the agency says at least 45% of U.S. dairy producers don't know about the disease.
“It used to take us 12 to 16 weeks to get a final diagnosis. Now we can detect the organism as early as two weeks,” says Ching Ching Wu, a microbiologist with Purdue and the Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory.
Testing animals for Johne's is voluntary, but some states prohibit transport of infected animals and/or require they be branded if Johne's infected. Information about existing infection helps producers separate herds so infected animals won't infect the rest of the herd. The goal is to create Johne's-free herds, says Wu.
“Being able to test more samples allows us to learn the extent of the illness's spread and more about its workings,” she adds.
Wu and her group's findings will help advance Johne's control in dairy and beef herds alike. Johne's is spread to animals from infected feed, water and colostrums. Females with high infection can spread it in utero to fetuses.
Most animals are infected at less than six months of age but symptoms don't appear for two to five years.
Brand Name Joint Venture
Excel Corp. and Hormel Foods have signed a letter of intent to form a joint venture to market nationally branded fresh, case-ready beef and pork under the Hormel Always Tender brand name. The product will be sold in supermarkets and club stores.
The joint venture, Precept Foods L.L.C., will be based in Hormel's Austin, MN, headquarters. Excel will supply the fresh beef and pork. Each company will independently maintain existing fresh case-ready programs and other meat programs, such as Excel's branded premium meat products.
Updated Feeding Pubs
Kansas State University (KSU) updated their agricultural economics publications on steer and heifer feeding. The two publications are available on the Internet as portable document format (PDF) files:
The steer publication is available using the following hot link: www.agecon.ksu.edu/livestock/Extension%20Bulletins/MF2547.pdf.
The heifer publication is available using the following hot link: www.agecon.ksu.edu/livestock/Extension%20Bulletins/MF2546.pdf.
Several other KSU publications on cattle economics are also available online at www.agecon.ksu.edu/livestock/Extension%20Bulletins/Extension%20Bulletins.html.
New Food Testing Tech
Marshfield Clinic's Food Safety Services has developed a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing technology for the food industry. Marshfield Laboratories, a division of Marshfield Clinic in Marshfield, WI, has expanded its food safety services laboratory to provide a full range of state-of-the-art, food testing services.
Although PCR testing technology has been available for the last two decades, rapid real-time quantitative PCR is recognized as the latest technology innovation.
Marshfield has patents pending on unique DNA sequences for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), pathogenic Salmonella species, and Listeria monocytogenes.
Marshfield's food safety program has been working in conjunction with Rosen Meat Group in implementing testing technology into the meat industry. Through its partnership arrangement with Roche Diagnostic Applied Science Group, assays for EHEC will be available within the next several weeks. Assays for pathogenic Salmonella and L. monocytogenes will follow shortly.
For more information, contact Jay L. E. Ellingson, 715/389-5958.
One of the more dramatic year-to-year changes in international trade is in U.S. imports of feeder cattle from Mexico. In the first two quarters of 2002, such imports declined 43% from a year earlier.
Most notably, during June, U.S. cattle imports from Mexico totaled 7,405 head, a decline of 84% compared to 2001. Typically, U.S. Mexican feeder imports are the lowest in summer months, but imports in June 2002 were the lowest since 1989.
During the first six months of 2002, U.S. cattle imports from Canada were above a year ago. Much of that increase occurred in the first quarter when imports were up 35%. In June, U.S. cattle imports from Canada declined modestly compared to 2001.
The first half of the year saw combined U.S. imports of cattle from Canada and Mexico below a year previous. From January to June, U.S. cattle imports fell from 2001 by 130,000 head (1.5%).
— Livestock Marketing Information Center (LMIC).
The latest copy of “In the Cattle Markets” is available on the LMIC Web site at: www.lmic.info/memberspublic/cattlemarkets.pdf (PDF version) or www.lmic.info/memberspublic/membersreports.html (HTML version).
Compiled by Clint Peck, senior editor. Contributions are welcome; call 406/896-9068, fax 406/896-9069 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Genetic Testing for HD
People at-risk for the disease face a difficult choice about genetic testing for HD, given the current absence of an effective treatment or cure. Many people see no benefit in knowing that they will someday develop the disease. Others want an end to uncertainty so that they can make informed choices about the future. The decision whether to test or not is intensely personal and there is no “right” answer.
The Huntington’s Disease Society of America recommends that at risk individuals who are considering genetic testing do so at a genetic testing center that follows the HDSA guidelines. Testing procedures at these centers involves sessions with professionals who are knowledgeable about HD and the local services available. It may take several weeks to receive the results once the genetic test is complete.
Genetic testing for children is typically prohibited before the age of 18, as the child may not understand the full implications of testing and may be vulnerable to pressure from others. However, a child under the age of 18 may be tested to confirm a diagnosis of juvenile onset HD after a thorough neurological exam.
For families wishing to have a child who does not have the gene that causes HD, there are a few options. Pre-genetic diagnostic (PGD) testing can be used with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) to make sure that any fertilized egg implanted does not have the abnormal gene. This can be done without informing the at-risk patient whether or not they have the gene that causes HD. If a woman is already pregnant, she can receive testing for the fetus with a chorionic villus biopsy at 10-11 weeks or via amniocentesis at 14-18 weeks.
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The United Nations coordinated an International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt from 5–13 September 1994. Its resulting Program of Action is the steering document for theUnited Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).
Some 20,000 delegates from various governments, UN agencies, NGOs, and the media gathered for a discussion of a variety of population issues, including immigration, infant mortality, birth control, family planning, the education of women, and protection for women from unsafe abortion services.
The conference received considerable media attention due to disputes regarding the assertion of reproductive rights. The Holy See and several predominantly Islamic nations were staunch critics and U.S. President Bill Clinton received considerable criticism from conservatives for his participation. The official spokesman for the Holy See was archbishop Renato Martino.
According to the official ICPD release, the conference delegates achieved consensus on the following four qualitative and quantitative goals:
- Universal education: Universal primary education in all countries by 2015. Urge countries to provide wider access to women for secondary and higher level education as well as vocational and technical training.
- Reduction of infant and child mortality: Countries should strive to reduce infant and under-5 child mortality rates by one-third or to 50-70 deaths per 1000 by the year 2000. By 2015 all countries should aim to achieve a rate below 35 per 1,000 live births and under-five mortality rate below 45 per 1,000.
- Reduction of maternal mortality: A reduction by ½ the 1990 levels by 2000 and ½ of that by 2015. Disparities in maternal mortality within countries and between geographical regions, socio-economic and ethnic groups should be narrowed.
- Access to reproductive and sexual health services including family planning: Family-planning counseling, pre-natal care, safe delivery and post-natal care, prevention and appropriate treatment of infertility, prevention of abortion and the management of the consequences of abortion, treatment of reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases and other reproductive health conditions; and education, counseling, as appropriate, on human sexuality, reproductive health and responsible parenthood. Services regarding HIV/AIDS, breast cancer, infertility, and delivery should be made available. Active discouragement of female genital mutilation (FGM).
ICPD and abortion
During and after the ICPD, some interested parties attempted to interpret the term ‘reproductive health’ in the sense that it implies abortion as a means of family planning or, indeed, a right to abortion. These interpretations, however, do not reflect the consensus reached at the Conference. For the European Union, where legislation on abortion is certainly less restrictive than elsewhere, the Council Presidency has clearly stated that the Council’s commitment to promote ‘reproductive health’ did not include the promotion of abortion. Likewise, the European Commission, in response to a question from a Member of the European Parliament, clarified:
“The term ‘reproductive health’ was defined by the United Nations (UN) in 1994 at the Cairo International Conference on Population and Development. All Member States of the Union endorsed the Programme of Action adopted at Cairo. The Union has never adopted an alternative definition of ‘reproductive health’ to that given in the Programme of Action, which makes no reference to abortion.”
With regard to the US, only a few days prior to the Cairo Conference, the head of the US delegation, Vice President Al Gore, had stated for the record:
“Let us get a false issue off the table: the US does not seek to establish a new international right to abortion, and we do not believe that abortion should be encouraged as a method of family planning.”
Some years later, the position of the US Administration in this debate was reconfirmed by US Ambassador to the UN, Ellen Sauerbrey, when she stated at a meeting of the UN Commission on the Status of Women that: “nongovernmental organizations are attempting to assert that Beijing in some way creates or contributes to the creation of an internationally recognized fundamental right to abortion”. She added: “There is no fundamental right to abortion. And yet it keeps coming up largely driven by NGOs trying to hijack the term and trying to make it into a definition”.
- ICPD Beyond 2014 official website
- Americans for UNFPA
- Commission on Population and Development
- Reproductive health
- Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition
- ^ “Report of the International Conference on Population and Development”, UNFPA, 1995
- ^ European Parliament, 4 December 2003: Oral Question (H-0794/03) for Question Time at the part-session in December 2003 pursuant to Rule 43 of the Rules of Procedure by Dana Scallon to the Council. In the written record of that session, one reads: Posselt (PPE-DE): “Does the term ‘reproductive health’ include the promotion of abortion, yes or no?” – Antonione, Council: “No.”
- ^ European Parliament, 24 October 2002: Question no 86 by Dana Scallon (H-0670/02)
- ^ Jyoti Shankar Singh, Creating a New Consensus on Population (London: Earthscan, 1998), 60
- ^ Lederer, AP/San Francisco Chronicle, 1 March 2005
- ^ Leopold, Reuters, 28 February 2005
Comment: This conference has had profound consequences on demography.
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Linus of Rome
Who was Linus? Did he know the Apostle Paul? Was he the first pope? Was he the second bishop of Rome after the Apostle Peter? Was he even a bishop?
The generally touted Catholic position is that Linus was the second pope, that he was ordained by Peter, and that all other leaders passed through him (Lopes A. The Popes: The lives of the pontiffs through 2000 years of history. Futura Edizoni, Roma, 1997, p. 1).
Is any of that correct?
This article will refer to the Bible, historical records, and Roman Catholic sources to attempt to properly answer those questions.
What do we actually know based upon the Bible and historical fact?
There was once a Christian named Linus who knew the Apostle Paul. Linus, at least for a time, lived in Rome. The Bible does not record that Linus was the obvious future leader of all Christians. Linus was NOT an apostle, NOT a pope, and NOT even a bishop.
We have no real information about his life, his teachings, or his death.
Most of the traditions ascribed to him have been admitted by Roman Catholic scholars to be in error, with others admitted to be without historical foundation. And many accounts are in contradiction.
Contemporary history records nothing about him, other than Paul’s mention, and later Irenaeus lists him (over one hundred years after his death).
The only Linus we know of was a Christian who lived and served in Rome, but of whom we have no reason to believe he was the spiritual successor of Peter. Therefore the often repeated Roman claim that they have an unbroken line of successors from Peter beginning with Linus is historically inaccurate.
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The first step in establishing a discipline program is to understand what discipline is-- and what it isn't. A parent's job is to guide her children through life, teaching them right and wrong. Disciplining a child can take on many forms: time-outs, rewards for positive behavior, or even the removal of privileges. What you use, and what works, is dependent on both your child's age and personality, as well as the situation.
Discipline Ideas for Toddlers
Toddlers present different challenges than preschoolers, tweens and teens. Toddlers tend to have less self-control and ability for self-expression, so a toddler tends to act out his feelings. This can result in biting, hitting, kicking or yelling. Noted pediatrician Dr. Sears shares several ways to help discipline your toddler effectively:
You know your toddler's stressors, so trying to avoid them is important. In other words, you can help positive behavior happen, by preventing negative behavior from happening. Don't plan a play date for naptime unless you want a meltdown.
Distraction can be a good thing. When your toddler has a meltdown (and she will), try to distract her with something else, such as a favorite toy or activity. This will hopefully stop, or at least shorten, the tantrum from continuing.
Do not feed into your toddler's tantrum by becoming upset. This is likely to result your toddler's tantrum continuing. On top of that, you'll likely become too stressed out to deal with it effectively.
Make Eye Contact
When your toddler does something that is not appropriate, make eye contact and say 'no,' firmly but calmly. At this point, it is appropriate to use a distraction tool to get your toddler's mind onto something else.
Set Clear Limits
Be consistent and clear in your expectations. If something is off limits, make sure it's always off limits, all the time. Likewise, do not reward tantrum behavior. The temptation is to give into your child when he is tantruming to help make the tantrum stop. However, you are inadvertently teaching your toddler that whining and tantruming is a means to get something he wants.
Discipline for Preschoolers
Preschoolers are starting to assert independence and want to do things independently. However, many preschoolers lack the ability to perform complex tasks alone. This can result in meltdowns or other issues that need to be effectively dealt with:
Assist Your Child at the Right Time
Provide your child with assistance when appropriate, according to Parents Magazine. This will help alleviate any meltdowns; however, you should be sure to allow your child to work to the point just before frustration to help teach independence.
Role Play Good Behavior
Demonstrate what you want your child to do, rather than what he should not do. Show your child how to pick up toys, put clothes in the hamper, or set the table as simple chores.
Help with Transitions
Provide your child with time before transitions occur - let your child know when a transition is about to happen. Set a timer for 5 minutes before changing activities to prevent your child from having any behavioral issues.
Set limits and stick to them. Let your child know the expectations, and stick to your guns. If you say, "I'll take your toy away if you don't stop crying in two minutes," then you need to follow through.
Discipline for School-Aged Kids
School-aged children are starting to understand the concept of empathy, or caring about other people. This can huge factor in the discipline process, since children can now understand how their actions are affecting other people.
Appeal to Right and Wrong
As children approach school age, they begin to develop empathy. In fact, it is not until the child is approximately six or seven years old that she becomes cognitively capable of this concept, according to Sandra Crosser, Ph.D. Talk to your child about how his behaviors might be affecting other people. Ask the question, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" to facilitate a conversation about right and wrong.
Give Them Space
Understand the children of this age need to work out differences for themselves from time to time - Your child is getting to an age where he or she can decide who to be friends with, what he or she likes and how to handle conflict. Guide your child in finding the right solution, but let him or her come to the conclusion on his own.
Try Something Different
Use "time-in" - Schedule time for you and your child to sit down and discuss issues or spend time together. Use this special time to get into your child's world; too often, parents get busy and expect children to come to them with problems. Be proactive and find out what is going on in your child's life; this is likely to prevent many discipline problems.
Go with what Works
Grounding - something most parents remember from childhood - is still an effective discipline technique today. Dr. Phil recommends only allowing your child access to necessities and temporarily restricting your child to his bedroom for the day or night. This discipline technique helps your school-age child think about his behavior and understand consequences follow when rules are broken.
Discipline for Tweens
Tweens are at an awkward phase of life - not quite a baby, but not quite a teenager. Your tween will likely be fighting for independence, but you will be holding on to childhood. This is going to result in some power struggles that need to be handled delicately. Here is some advice:
Give your child some space - SuperNanny points out your child will be fighting for his independence. Allow your child to do some things for him or herself to boost self-esteem and give her a sense of freedom.
Lend an Ear
Listen - Many times your tweens actions are trying to tell you something. Use active listening to help understand what your child is trying to tell you. Something may be bothering him or her that he or she does not know how to bring up.
Collaborate - Let your tween be a part of the rule-making process. Have your child come up with reasonable rules and consequences if the rule is broken. If your child has a say in what he or she can do, the rule is more likely to be followed. Also, since he or she had a say in the consequence, they are well aware of what to expect.
Stay In Control
Losing control of yourself is likely to result in an escalation of problems and arguments with your tween. Virginia Williams, Ph.D., points out that effective parenting, especially of tweens, involves not only setting clear limits but also maintaining control of your emotions. This can be especially difficult in the heat of the moment or when you tween has a negative attitude, but it is crucial to effective tween discipline.
Common Denominators for All Ages
There are some things that are common to the process of discipline, regardless of the age of your child.
Consistency is Key
The most important aspect of child dislike is consistency. Your child must know from day-to-day that the house rules are always the same. If your child knows that she sometimes gets away with misbehavior, she will continually test her limits. If the rules and routines change periodically with no warning, children become confused and disoriented. Before you can expect your kids to follow the rules, you must be clear on those rules.
It is also unrealistic to expect overnight change. If you have had a home free of rules, you can't expect the kids to instantly fall in line just because you say so. Change must be gradual and consistent. Likewise, it is important to avoid too many unnecessary rules all at once. Decide what rules are most important for your home and family and start with those. For many families, the most important rules involve proper treatment of family members. For others, responsibility and chores are top priorities.
After you have established your family rules, you must communicate these to your children. Have a family meeting to present your rules and your new child discipline program. If your children are old enough to read, you may want to post the family rules in key places around the house. Again, do not expect instant compliance. Young children have short attention spans and will likely need many reminders before the new behaviors become habits. Remember, there is a huge difference between willful defiance and simply forgetting.
Since the primary goal of child discipline is to produce well behaved kids, it is important to "catch" your child doing the right things. Most children instinctively want to please their parents; these kids thrive on praise and parental approval. This is especially true with the parents and children enjoy a close bond. While it is unnecessary to go overboard, a bit of positive reinforcement goes a long way. A simple pat on the back or a hug will likely brighten your child's day. A heartfelt, "Good job!" offers motivation to continue the proper behavior.
Since even the most well-behaved children will sometimes break the rules, you will also need to decide how you feel about negative reinforcement, or punishment. You may decide that a simple "talking to" is sufficient in all but the most major cases. On the other hand, you may feel the need for an actual punishment. Some possibilities include:
- Loss of privileges, such as television, phone, or computer time
- Natural consequences (for example, if your child doesn't do her homework, the natural consequence would be that she receives a bad grade)
- Being assigned additional chores
Four Common Problems to Avoid
Even the best parents can make discipline mistakes. Surprisingly, there are common pitfalls that most parents fall into. Fortunately, there are ways to avoid them as well.
Don't Give In
It can be difficult to hear your child whining, screaming or crying. It seems like the easy way out to just give your child what he or she wants. DON'T! All this teaches your child is that he or she can tantrum for a certain length of time and get his way. As difficult as it is, stick to your guns and don't give in. Eventually your child will understand the limits you are setting and the tantrums will decrease in duration.
Have Realistic expectations
Keep in mind your child's developmental age when implementing discipline. You cannot expect a 2 year old to be held to the same standards as a 10 year old. While this might seem like common sense, in today's fast-paced world, many parents expect children to meet milestones at a rapid rate. Keep this in mind when choosing discipline techniques.
Read Your Child's Cues
Sometimes children's behavior problems are a cry for help, an indication that something is wrong. Listen to your child to determine what the behavior might be trying to say. Look beyond the behavior and attempt to find the root cause - this may actually end up working for your benefit and ending the behavior all together.
Although punishment is part of some parents' discipline regimens, the two words (discipline and punishment) are not synonymous. Punishment, while it may be effective at eliminating a negative behavior, does not teach your child the appropriate way to act. It is entirely possible to guide and train your children without spanking or yelling. This is a difficult concept for some parents to grasp, especially a parent who experience spanking as a child. Spanking is not necessary, and many experts, including Catherine Taylor of Tulane University, agree that it is harmful. In fact, a study done by Murray Straus, co-director of the Family Research Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire-Durhamm, suggests spanking may lead to sexual or mental health problems in the future.
Making Discipline Work for You
There are no hard and fast rules when it comes to discipline. Every child, every parent and every household is different. Take things slow and determine what will work for your family. Utilize outside resources when and if necessary. Behavior charts are a great resource for children of all ages, from toddlers to teens. You can use behavior charts for any type of behavior you want to keep track of, and it will keep your children on track too. Remember, discipline is a process, not an overnight change. If you child has developed bad habits, it may take longer for discipline to take hold. Rest assured, however, the consistency and the methods outlined above give you a great shot at achieving your discipline goals.
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In September 2000 at its Millennium Summit, the United Nations adopted a set of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Box 3). The MDGs are inter-related and mutually reinforcing and the UN has established time bound, quantified, and monitorable targets and indicators for each goal. Although only two goals specifically mention women, none (with the possible exception of the eighth) can be achieved without giving close attention to women and to gender issues.
Box 3: Millennium Development Goals (1990-2015)
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Research in the past 30 years has shown consistently that women are over-represented among the poor in both rural and urban settings. They have less access to land and productive resources and when they work in paid employment, they receive lower wages than men. At the same time, it has been shown that women play important roles in agriculture and food production in most parts of the world. For this reason, the first MDG - to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - must focus on women and their work in agriculture because they are significant actors in the provision of food security. The second goal also has a strong food security component. World Bank research has shown that increasing womens primary schooling would enhance agricultural output by 24 percent (FAO 2002).
The improvement of global food security is an underlying theme for all the MDGs because improved nutrition will have a positive impact on child mortality, maternal health, and disease resistance. However, only the seventh goal deals specifically with natural resource management. Its targets (to be achieved by 2015) are to:
integrate sustainable development into country policies and reverse loss of environmental resources;
halve the proportion of people without access to potable water, and;
significantly improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.
Taken alone, each of these targets presents a massive challenge and different UN agencies have chosen to focus on each target. The UN hosted the International Conference on Financing for Development in March 2002 in Monterrey, Mexico, which was attended by government, private sector and civil society leaders in addition to senior officials of all the major intergovernmental financial, trade, economic, and monetary organizations. The Monterrey conference reaffirmed the commitment of the broader international community to meet the MDGs by 2015. The World Bank estimates that an additional US$40-60 billion will be needed annually to meet the Millennium Development Goals.
Several of the MDGs have strong cultural implications and it will be difficult to achieve them exclusively through the infusion of money and development assistance. As will be discussed below, experience has shown that food security problems cannot be addressed simply with the provision of technical solutions. In most cases it is necessary also to change attitudes, values, and laws, both statutory and customary, to make food production more efficient, worldwide as in many cases women farmers have been disadvantaged by existing laws, attitudes, values and practices.
Since the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, numerous rural development initiatives have focused specifically on water. Agenda 21, the action plan that emerged from the conference, provided FAO with an impetus to establish its Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) in 1996. Its objective is to assist with the improvement of food security at national and at household levels on an economically and environmentally sustainable basis, and to improve people's access to food.
Box 5: The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development
Principle No. 3 - Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water
This pivotal role of women as providers and users of water and guardians of the living environment has seldom been reflected in institutional arrangements for the development and management of water resources. Acceptance and implementation of this principle requires positive policies to address womens specific needs and to equip and empower women to participate at all levels in water resources programmes, including decision-making and implementation, in ways defined by them.
Effective use of existing water resources has been an important focus of the programme. More recently, FAO has established regional strategies and programmes aimed at raising food security in low income, food deficit countries through multidisciplinary and participatory approaches. Priority will be given to structural reforms, harmonization of policies, reduction of trade barriers, and development of human resources at both national and regional levels. Other initiatives are also underway. For example, FAOs TeleFood programme, established in 1997, is raising international awareness about the problem of hunger by sponsoring concerts, sporting events and other activities. Since its start, the campaign has generated more than US$10 million in donations. Money raised through TeleFood pays for small, sustainable projects that help small-scale farmers produce more food for their families and communities.
Important principles about the effective management of world water resources emerged from the International Conference on Water and Environment in Dublin in 1992. For the first time, there was a specific focus on the role of women and this was clearly recognized in the third of the four guiding principles for the action agenda that came out of the conference (Box 5). Further support for the integration of gender into water resource management came from the first two world water forums (Marrakesh, 1997 and The Hague, 2000). The Third World Water Forum, slated for March 2003 in Kyoto, Japan, will also have sessions on gender and water and water and poverty. It is evident that the relationship between gender and water is being recognized. Whether that recognition has led to concrete improvement in womens water rights is less clear. The UN has declared the year 2003 as the International Year of Freshwater and there is hope and expectation that progress will be made towards a greater inclusion of women into water resource utilization and management.
Increased water-related activities are also underway in the research sector. The CGIAR system established a Challenge Programme on Water and Food in November 2002 to focus on a pro-poor approach...All projects, will ... take special care to design research frameworks that take gender issues into account wherever relevant (CGIAR 2002:8). This wording is vague and to date only one of the five working groups has set a research question that specifically mentions women. The global and national food and water system working group asks: How can the rights and access to water of the poor, women, and socially excluded groups be established and safeguarded in the processes of global and national demographic, economic and political change that are shaping the developing regions? and How will changes in global water cycles affect food provision and the access of the poor, women, and disadvantaged groups to ecosystem services (CGIAR 2002:24, 26).
Box 6: FAO Activities for the International Year of Freshwater
On going activities include
Finally, the FAO is putting increased emphasis on the provision of water for food security and has identified three basic concerns: to produce more food with less water; to protect water quality and the environment, including human health; and to close the food consumption and production gap, particularly in Africa. Although the FAOs on-going activities are stated in gender-neutral language (Box 6), the organizations Gender and Population division has developed a set of tools and methodologies aimed at ensuring that gender concerns are integrated into all of its on-going work.
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August 3, 2008
Red-Dead canal idea stirs controversy
HERZLIYA, Israel (JTA) – On aerial photographs, the shrinking Dead Sea juts into the surrounding desert landscape like a blue index finger.
As part of the effort to prevent this finger from becoming a mere smudge on the map by 2050, the World Bank is conducting a $14 million study into the practicalities of building a channel to bring water from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea, which is shrinking rapidly due to evaporation and upstream water diversion.
Proponents say the plan could rescue the Dead Sea while supplying desalinated water and hydroelectric power to the region.
“We will have to balance the technological, environmental and economic issues at the heart of this complex study,” Peter Darley, the team leader of the feasibility part of the World Bank study, said at a public hearing last week in Herzliya.
Similar public hearings were held earlier in the week in Amman, Jordan, and the West Bank city of Ramallah.
The governments of Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, all of which stand to benefit from such a project, had asked the World Bank to fund and oversee the study on the implications of building a 112-mile long conveyance system—either a canal or pipeline—to bring the water to the Dead Sea.
The idea has come under intense fire from Israeli environmentalists and water experts, who argue that more time than the year currently allotted needs to be devoted to studying the possible scientific consequences of the project.
They cite the potential environmental damages the project could cause, whether it be to the fragile coral reefs of the Red Sea or the unique Dead Sea ecosystem. They say alternatives must be studied in tandem by independent-minded international consultants—not representatives of the three governments involved, as is currently proposed.
“It’s like asking a cat to guard a bowl of milk,” said Gidon Bromberg, the Israel director of Friends of the Earth Middle East.
Bromberg and other critics of the canal plan charge that the Israeli, Jordanian and P.A. governments are interested in the canal solution because the international community might foot the bill for it as a massive desalinization or peace project.
Alex McPhail, the program manager at the World Bank who is overseeing the overall study of the project, says the bank is being methodical and scientific in its approach. He noted that the World Bank’s approach consists of three parts: a feasibility study, an environmental impact study and a report on alternative solutions.
“It’s an environmental question mark and that’s why we are doing these studies,” McPhail said. “It’s very important that we examine and understand all the potential environmental implications.”
Proponents of the canal project argue that the project could be a one-stop solution for replenishing the waters of the Dead Sea, generating energy, and providing drinking and agricultural water for Jordan, Israel and the Palestinians.
The project also is being touted as a rare symbol of regional cooperation.
“There is an interest internationally in saving the Dead Sea and this could also help bring water to the region that badly needs it,” said Uri Schor, a spokesman for the Israeli Water Authority.
Addressing environmentalists’ concerns, he added, “That is why everything is being checked out first.”
“We need to check all the options. If the project is deemed unsuitable, then we won’t do it. But if there are no problems found, then why shouldn’t we pursue it?”
Some developers see the project dubbed the Red-Dead Canal as a potential boon.
Isaac Tshuva, the Israeli real estate magnate, has answered President Shimon Peres’ vision for a so-called Peace Valley to be built along the canal—a corridor of shimmering skyscrapers, casinos, man-made lakes and 200,000 hotel rooms. That’s more hotels rooms than currently exist in all of Israel. The vision is for a new tourist and industrial mecca that planners hope would draw as many as 3 million Israelis to live in the region.
The project, whose scale would be unprecedented in Israel, has been described as Las Vegas meets Dubai in the Arava Desert.
Its detractors roundly condemn it as an environmental nightmare.
In 2007, when Peres was Israel’s minister in charge of Negev and Galilee development, a government decision declared the Peace Valley project and the canal as national projects.
At the time, some environmentalists warned that political and business interests were being mixed too closely at the potential expense of the environment.
Baruch Spiegel, Peres’ adviser for regional affairs, rejects any such notions.
The government made its decision to prioritize the project because of Israel’s water crisis and the shrinking of the Dead Sea, he told JTA. The Dead Sea’s water levels are dropping by about 3.2 to 3.5 feet per year.
“This is a major vision of the president of Israel—to use water and energy as a catalyst for peace and stability,” Spiegel said, emphasizing that environmental concerns will come first and any development that follows will have to adhere to strict guidelines.
“All options are being examined very carefully,” he said. “But without a project, things will get worse.”
Some Israeli and Arab environmentalists say the Jordan River, historically the main source for the Dead Sea’s water, should be rehabilitated rather than undertaking such a complex and expensive project as the canal. They also suggest reforms in the chemical industries on both sides of the sea, which are blamed for contributing to the Dead Sea’s dwindling water levels.
Among the environmentalists’ main concerns is that mixing Dead Sea and Red Sea water could damage the Dead Sea’s unique ecosystem, leading to growth of algae that could change the color and buoyancy of the water. That would also damage the tourism industry that has sprung up around the Dead Sea in both Israel and Jordan.
Others note that if the salty marine water from a canal or pipeline were to leak, it could seep into the ground water and contaminate local aquifers. There are also concerns that the coral reefs of the Red Sea could be harmed by the pumping out of so much of its water.
“I’m worried,” Yehoshua Shkedi, chief scientist of Israel’s Nature and Parks Authority said at last week’s hearing in Herzliya. “I have a feeling not enough money or time is being given to research to answer major questions. Good studies have to be done.”
For Gundi Shahal, a member of Kibbutz Ein Gedi, which sits near the banks of the Dead Sea, the questions about the canal plan are not just academic.
“Who will take responsibility for the impact on our lives, livelihoods and what we call home?” she asked at last week’s hearing.
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Pretty Things That Pollinate
by Jody Green, Extension Educator
Importance of Pollinators
Pollination is the process in which plants reproduce. It involves the moving of pollen grains from the male part of the plant to the female part of the plant of the same species, and is required for germination and fertilization.
The Relationship Between Plants and Insects
Pollinating insects include bees, flies, beetles, moths and butterflies. What these insects have in common is their ability to fly from flower to flower, giving them the opportunity to transfer pollen. Pollinating insects come in many sizes, shapes and colors.
Each insect has varying abilities to move pollen, which may be limited by the type and location of hair on the body, specialized receptacles used for pollen-carrying or the mouthparts used to feed. Requirements for pollinators include a diverse, flower-rich foraging area, suitable host plants that bloom at different times of the year, nest sites for egg laying and a safe environment for foraging and overwintering.
Bees, flies, beetles, moths and butterflies are considered pollinators in the adult form. What all insects from these groups have in common is that they undergo complete metamorphosis (egg, larvae, pupae, adult) to change from an immature to an adult. It is important to recognize that the larval form of many pollinators do not resemble adults, and may, in some cases, be considered pests. Immature insects differ from adults in terms of physical form (i.e. different mouthparts, lack of wings), function (i.e. predator, parasite), food source, habitat and host plant.
Because of this paradox, consideration must be taken to provide plants for pollinators, as well as host plants suitable for immature insects from these groups. It is also important to consider nesting habitats for pollinators throughout the winter, when we do not see them. Many rest or develop in protected underground burrows, wood piles, leaf litter, compost piles and other protected areas.
Bees (Not the Honey-Making Kind)
The most important pollinators are bees. There are over 4,000 species of native bees in North America, many recognized as superior pollinators to honey bees, and therefore, deserve attention. Native bees include a variety of bumble bees, sweat bees, leafcutter bees, carder bees, carpenter bees, mason bees and digger bees. Bees can be social or solitary, ground or cavity nesters, generalist or specialist feeders and some are parasites of other bees.
What they all have in common is they deliberately gather pollen and bring it back to the nest to either feed their offspring or provision nesting cells for future offspring. It is this contact with pollen that allows them to be great pollinators, many of them with specialized hairs or places where pollen can easily be collected and scraped off later. Bees also have flower constancy, which means they visit particular plant species on their foraging trips which increases the transfer of pollen grains.
While wasps are nectar feeders as adults, they feed their larvae insects rather than pollen. They are also less hairy, so unable to transfer pollen as effectively as bees.
Flies Are Pollinators Too
After bees, flies are the second most valued commercial pollinators, known for their contribution to strawberry, onion and carrot crops. Flies are widely distributed, have great abundance and species richness.
The flies that are seen commonly and in large numbers visiting flowers are called syrphid flies. Syrphid flies are a rather large group, and are sometimes referred to as flower flies or hover flies because of their behavior. The main reason they are overlooked is because they mimic bees with their yellow and black coloration. Flies only have one pair of wings, while bees and wasps will have two pairs. Flies also have short, thick, down-turned antennae and lack body hair. Syrphid fly larvae are predaceous and are natural enemies of plant-sucking insects such as aphids.
Other pollinating flies include blow flies, which feed on rotting flesh as maggots, and tachinid flies, which are parasitoids of other insects.
Beetles have chewing mouthparts as immatures and adults, and many are predaceous in both forms. Some beetles feed on pollen, nectar, sap or fruit and visit specific flowers.
The beetles that Nebraskans see frequently on flowers include soldier beetles. Soldier beetles are yellow and black in color, with soft, flexible wing covers and long antennae. Beetle larvae are not commonly seen, as they are predators that hunt through leaf litter and debris and feed on other invertebrates. As adults, soldier beetles gather in droves to feed and mate on flowers such as sunflowers, coneflowers, tansy and goldenrod. Solider beetles and other pollinating beetles get their protein sources from pollen. They do not damage the flowers or the plants and are harmless to people.
Beautiful Butterflies and Hungry Caterpillars
The most recognized and charming of pollinating insects are the butterflies. People often want to see more of them, so intentionally plant flowers to attract them to the landscape.
Butterflies and moths have siphoning mouthparts, which resemble a long, curled up straw for gathering nectar from flowers. Moths and butterflies belong to the same order, but moths are generally not as brightly colored and most fly by night, which is why moths are significant pollinators of night-blooming plants. Butterflies and moths do not actively gather pollen, but while they forage for nectar, the pollen grains become stuck to their body or tongue and get transferred to flowers.
The larvae of moths and butterflies are caterpillars, which have chewing mouthparts used to feed on the foliage of plants. Adults lay eggs on specific host plants so caterpillars can immediately start feeding after emergence.
So, while people may encourage the nectaring of adults in the garden, they fail to realize that caterpillar host plants are also necessary in the landscape. The use of pesticides to control for caterpillars will negatively affect butterfly populations. There are many field guides available to help identify caterpillars, butterflies and moths, as well as help determine which ones you want to see more of in your yard, and act as a guide to provide plants for all life stages.
Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the University of Nebraska–Lincoln is implied. The information on this Web site is valid for residents of southeastern Nebraska. It may or may not apply in your area. If you live outside southeastern Nebraska, visit your local Extension office
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The next step of water recycling: how to upcycle waste-water into useable material?
On a daily basis, we use 130-160L water per house hold in the Netherlands. In order to clean and re-use this water in a sustainable way, our waste-water streams are being recycled in so called waste-water treatment plants. However, the waste streams of these treatment plants are still being digested or incinerated. In order to fully close the circular loop of our water management, we need to turn these waste streams into useable products. Researchers from AMS Institute and TU Delft will take us into the world of upcycling valuable raw materials, such as bio-composite and plastics from waste-water streams. What can we create from waste-water; and are citizens ready for such extensive upcycling processes: would you be willing to use a disposable fork or medicine made from waste streams?
With amongst others:
- Peter Mooij | Wetenschapper en algenexpert
- Wouter de Buck | Advisor Watertechnology, Arcadis
Peter Mooij (1985) finished his PhD on Lipid and sugar production by mixed cultures of microalgae at the Delft University in 2015. He wrote a popular science book on how algae will save the world, was blogger for the Faces of Science program of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, gave a talk at TEDxDelft and presented his research on national TV and radio.
In his research, Peter focusses on creating a composite material from two municipal waste-streams. Two municipal waste-streams can be transformed in a nature-based composite, which on its turn can be used to produce park benches, bike parts or any other composite product. For the city this translates to the upcycling of two waste streams and a smaller dependency on fossil resources.
Wouter de Buck is advisor Watertechnology at Arcadis and main coordinator at The Nutrient Platform, a cross-sectoral network of Dutch organizations from the water sector, agriculture, waste sector and chemical industry that have joined forces to close nutrient cycles. The Nutrient Platform aims to turn the surplus of phosphorus from ‘waste’ streams (wastewater, sludge, manure, swill) in the Netherlands and recycled them into valuable new products (fertilizers, animal feed, chemicals).
Carlo Ratti on stage at Pakhuis de Zwijger
What happens to cities and citizens when smart technologies start making their own decisions?
Imagine a city in which traffic lights autonomously organise the mobility flows in a city, where dynamic infrastructures know where and when to create temporary bridges during crowded events, and where smart grids independently distribute renewable energy sources. During this session of AMS Science for the City, we look at the future of our increasingly smart urban spaces. Together with special guest and AMS PI Carlo Ratti (MIT Senseable City Lab), we dive into the challenges, possibilities and prospects of senseable and autonomous cities. What is the added value of sensing for the city of Amsterdam? Can we create fully autonomous cities? What will they look like, and what is it like to live in one?
The use of sensors in urban spaces is an increasingly known feature in cities all over the world (think of the vehicle detection loops used at high ways and traffic lights; but also of the security sensors installed in the streets of Eindhoven). And the next step, towards autonomous cities, is not even that far out of reach. An example is the Roboat, developed by AMS Institute and MIT: a fleet of autonomous boats in the canals of Amsterdam, that monitors the environment, provides transportation and enables self-assembling bridges and other urban infrastructures.
Carlo Ratti & The Senseable City Lab
Special guest of the evening is Professor Carlo Ratti, an architect and engineer by training, who teaches at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he directs the Senseable City Lab. He is also a founding partner of the international design and innovation office Carlo Ratti Associati. At the AMS Institute, Carlo Ratti is Principal Investigator in Intelligent Urban Infrastructures.
In the last decade, Carlo has given talks around the world on the theme of Smart Cities. Two of his projects (the Digital Water Pavilion and the Copenhagen Wheel) were hailed by Time Magazine as ‘Best Inventions of the Year’. He has been included in Blueprint Magazine’s ‘25 People who will Change the World of Design’ and in Wired Magazine’s ‘Smart List: 50 people who will change the world’.
Which role does water play in our lives, cities, history and future?
While many countries in the Global South are facing water challenges on a daily basis, the engineered invisibility of water has become a vulnerability in many countries in the Global North. Are we aware of the increased pressure that is put on our water resources; the political power struggle and social inequality that accompanies H20; and the aquatic urgency of active policies to redesign our urban areas, now and in the future? During AMS Science for the City #7, we introduce the book and online platform 'Under Pressure: Water and the City’, while diving into the interlinked world of water, blood and money in a global urban context.
- Arjan van Timmeren, AMS Institute, Scientific Director
- Laurence Henriquez, AMS Institute, Research Fellow
- Nick van de Giesen, TU Delft, Professor Water Resource Management
- Erik Swyngedouw, University of Manchester, Professor of Geography
"Our demands on the biosphere are growing at such an exponential pace we have disrupted the dynamic equilibrium of the compound most integral to life: water (H20)."
Presently, we are facing a number of concurrent and increasingly intractable global crises that pose a serious existential threat to civilization as we know it: hyper urbanization, population growth, the degradation or terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, the multitudinous consequences of climate change (drought, precipitation patterns, flooding), resource scarcity, groundwater depletion, the increased demands from cities, agriculture and industry for reasonably clean water, and the global shift toward increasingly water intensive lifestyles and diets.
These precise developments, however, have brought water back to the foreground of cultural consciousness, in which cities, history, nature and people are the drivers for change. That is why prof. Arjan van Timmeren & Research Fellow Laurence Henriquez (AMS Institute) dove into the world of water and cities, by developing the project Under Pressure: http://www.ams-institute.org/news/out-now-under-pressure-water-and-the-city/
For this year’s final AMS Science for the City in Pakhuis de Zwijger, we’ll dive into the complex dynamics of the energy transition. For Energy & Spatial Change we’ve invited active stakeholders in Amsterdam to talk about how the energy transition changes our cities and landscapes. What are the societal, spatial and technological questions the transition to sustainable energy raises for the city of Amsterdam, the metropolitan region and the country as a whole? What is the impact of the changeover on the living environment, urban areas and rural landscapes? How much space does the transition require, and are we able to accommodate this in densely populated cities like Amsterdam?
With amongst others
Sven Stemke | AMS PI | Associate Professor Landscape Architecture Wageningen University & Research
Andy van den Dobbelsteen | AMS PI | Professor Climate Design & Sustainability TU Delft
Pauline Westendorp | Director NEWNRG | 02025
Pallas Agterberg | Director of Strategy | Alliander
Bob Mantel | Ruimte en Duurzaamheid | Gemeente Amsterdam
Marco Broekman | marco.broekman | Urbanism Research Architecture
About AMS Science for the City
Set up by Pakhuis de Zwijger and AMS Institute, AMS Science for the City, is a bi-monthly evening highlighting and discussing how scientific innovation can help solve the complex urban challenges Amsterdam faces. Upcoming and established (inter)national urban professionals from AMS Institute and its academic partners (TU Delft, Wageningen University & Research, MIT) introduce the newest research and practical solutions within urban themes like water, energy, waste, food, data and mobility.
Electric cars, smart homes, and parking apps: cities all over the world are testing and rolling out smart technologies to improve the efficiency of urban systems and the services for its citizens. But while these digitalized cities offer benefits, they also pose some ethical challenges. What happens when, for example, an energy system’s malfunction leads to temporary scarcity? How is decided which households will enjoy uninterrupted energy supply -and which ones won't? AMS Principal Investigator Gerd Kortuem and experts from energy company Alliander dived into the risks and threats that smart technology poses to our democratic values, and how these can be included in smart decision-making processes. During this session, they discuss -together with other experts and the audience- how we can design our smart cities in such a way that we can utilize the positive effects, without sacrificing our human, social and democratic values.
Case study: Transparent Charging Station
In the program Democracy by Design, AMS Institute uses the transparent charging station as a case-study to research the way democratic values are applied in smart decision-making processes. This transparent charging station – developed by Elaad and Alliander – is a response to the growing importance of algorithms in our daily lives, making visible the invisible logic when charging an electric vehical. The display shows how the electricity is allocated between the cars being charged.
- Gerd Kortuem (AMS Institute, TU Delft)
- Thijs Turel (Alliander)
- Merel Noorman (University of Maastricht)
Read more about democracy by design here: http://www.ams-institute.org/solution/democracy-by-design/
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How the Endangered Species Act made a refuge for the Mississippi sandhill crane
GAUTIER, Miss. — This used to be the heart of a great American savanna. Now it's about all that's left.
We always hear about savannas in Africa, where lions roam the grassy meadows and giraffes nibble at treetops. We almost never hear about the American savanna, especially the wet pine savanna, which used to cover millions of low-lying acres along the Gulf Coast from Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle.
No lions or giraffes roam the wet pine savanna. In this domain, the sandhill crane is king.
Cranes are large — as much as five feet tall, with a six-foot wingspan — and look prehistoric. Indeed, fossil evidence shows the species is at least 10 million years old, making it one of the oldest bird species still with us.
The rarest of these birds is the Mississippi sandhill crane. This is the only place in the world you can find the Mississippi sandhill crane in the wild, and it takes luck to find one at all. They are elusive, we were told, and don’t like being disturbed by people. We went looking anyway.
The wet pine savannas that the cranes call home are flat, grassy, with water-logged, acidic soil and widely dispersed trees, mostly long-needled pine. They require periodic wildfires to keep out competing vegetation.
For centuries the savannas went largely undisturbed, even after Europeans settled the Gulf Coast, in part because people couldn’t figure out how to squeeze profits out of it. But after World War II, timber companies figured out a way. They bought up the savannas and got government to buy it as state and national forests for their use. They cut ditches to drain the swamps and turned them into pine plantations: acres and acres of scratch pine trees, planted in neat rows. The ones I saw barely grow big enough for a two-by-four before they are harvested and chipped up for composite products.
People also started putting out the wildfires that sustain the savanna habitat. And with the advent of air conditioning, the population grew, turning savannas into parking lots and subdivisions in the process.
By the mid-1970s, the wet savanna habitat had shrunk to less than 5 percent of its previous size and the Mississippi sandhill crane was on the brink of extinction. Naturalists counted 30 to 35 still in the wild, with just five breeding pairs. The Interstate Highway System threatened to finish the job, with I-10 slated to slice through the middle of what was left of the cranes’ domain.
Bird lovers objected, sparking a “cranes and lanes” debate over economics and conservation. This time, the conservationists had a new weapon. In 1973, Congress passed, and President Richard Nixon signed, the Endangered Species Act, providing legal protection for threatened species. The Mississippi sandhill crane was one of the first species officially classified as endangered and the first to be the subject of a federal court case. That resulted in the creation of the nation’s first wildlife refuge dedicated to preserving a single species: The Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge.
The refuge preserves and manages nearly 20,000 acres of pine savanna habitat. Invasive plants are removed and controlled burns keep the savannas pure. A captive breeding and release program has helped build up the Mississippi sandhill crane population, which is now about 135.
That still makes them one of the rarest birds in North America. But we got lucky. We spotted a not-so-elusive pair walking through front lawns not far from the road. Long legs, long neck, grey body with a punk-like slash of bright red on top of their heads.
The Endangered Species Act has been under attack since the day it was signed, mostly by people who think obscure plants and animals shouldn’t get in the way of freeways and profits, and the struggle continues. The Trump administration is removing protections from some species and resisting adding species like the lesser prairie chicken to the endangered list.
But this is about more than politics and money. The cranes and the other rare plants and animals found here are part of a much bigger picture.
Scientists have identified five “mass extinctions” in the earth’s history, periods when more than 75 percent of the planet’s species went extinct. The most recent was 66 million years ago, when the dinosaurs disappeared. Biologists believe we are in the middle of the sixth mass extinction, and likely to lose half or more of all species by the end of this century. Human-caused climate change and loss of habitat are the main culprits.
We may not be able to stop the tide of extinction, but we must not ignore it. The bald eagle came off the endangered species list 10 years ago the good way, as populations continued to grow. Last month, the Eastern cougar came off the bad way: It was declared extinct.
But, for now at least, the Mississippi sandhill cranes are holding on.
— Rick Holmes can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. You can follow his journey at www.rickholmes.net. Like him on Facebook at Holmes & Co, on follow him on Twitter @HolmesAndCo.
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In an unusual image, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured a rare view of the celestial equivalent of a geode — a gas cavity carved by the stellar wind and intense ultraviolet radiation from a young hot star.
Real geodes are handball-sized, hollow rocks that start out as bubbles in volcanic or sedimentary rock. Only when these inconspicuous round rocks are split in half by a geologist, do we get a chance to appreciate the inside of the rock cavity that is lined with crystals.
In the case of Hubble’s 35 light-year diameter “celestial geode,” the transparency of its bubble-like cavity of interstellar gas and dust reveals the treasures of its interior.
The object, called N44F, is being inflated by a torrent of fast-moving particles (what astronomers call a “stellar wind”) from an exceptionally hot star once buried inside a cold dense cloud.
Compared to the Sun
Compared with our Sun (which is losing mass through the so-called “solar wind”), the central star in N44F is ejecting more than a 100 million times more mass per second and the hurricane of particles moves much faster at 7 million kilometers per hour.
Because the bright central star does not exist in empty space but is surrounded by an envelope of gas, the stellar wind collides with this gas, pushing it out like a snow plough. This forms a bubble.
The nebula N44F is one of a handful of known interstellar bubbles. Bubbles like these have been seen around evolved massive stars (so-called Wolf-Rayet stars), and also around clusters of stars (where they are called “super-bubbles”). But they have rarely been viewed around isolated stars, as is the case here.
On closer inspection, N44F harbors additional surprises. The interior wall of its gaseous cavity is lined with several four to eight light-year high finger-like columns of cool dust and gas.
The fingers are created by a blistering ultraviolet radiation from the central star. Like wind socks caught in a gale, they point in the direction of the energy flow.
N44F is located about 160,000 light-years in the neighboring dwarf galaxy. N44F is part of the larger N44 complex, which contains a large super-bubble, blown out by the combined action of stellar winds and multiple supernova explosions.
N44 itself is roughly 1,000 light-years across. Several compact star-forming regions, including N44F, are found along the rim of the central super-bubble.
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Inspectors visited a branch of Sainsbury’s in Scotland last year when they received an anonymous tip-off about the substandard hygiene in the store, despite a £9 million refurbishment. When the inspectors arrived, they found that certain food packages showed signs of having been chewed by mice. Despite this, the affected products were on the shelves and available for customers to purchase.
The company was subsequently prosecuted for failing to effectively prevent rodent infestation and for failing to deal with the problem quickly enough. It was discovered that despite the huge refurbishment budget, only three thousand pounds had been allocated to pest control, and that this was evidently insufficient.
The supermarket destroyed all foodstuffs that could have come into contact with the mice and admitted two breaches of hygiene standards in court. The judge fined the company six thousand pounds.
Pest control is an essential element of running any food business. Food will always attract pests, and you need to ensure that you do everything necessary to keep them out of your premises. The CIEH Level 4 Award in Food Safety Training covers pest control, and provides the knowledge necessary to protect your customers and your business from unwelcome guests.
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Over the course of this week, the Turkish government will be called to account for some of the most heinous human rights violations ever to be witnessed. This demand for justice won’t address the state’s reported crimes against the population of Afrin in the name of national security. And it will undoubtedly entail little, if any, scrutiny regarding the country’s current repressive measures against pro-democratic constituents. Indictments will not be made in international criminal courts or special tribunals. And the victims and perpetrators will not be present. But, on and around April 24, in the streets, public squares, and memorials of dozens of countries, the world will be asked to condemn a century-old historical injustice, and to do so by naming it “genocide.”
April 24 is both a day of mourning and a day of outrage for Armenians. It marks the onset of the genocidal violence initiated on that same day in 1915 by the Ottoman state against its Armenian subjects. Within a few years and under the cover of the First World War, this well-planned program of extermination, deportation, and displacement all but annihilated the once thriving autochthonous population. Thousands more left voluntarily during the coercive years of the Turkish War of Independence. And those who have remained since the republic’s establishment under Kemalist rule have been subject to active marginalization, suppression, and cultural destruction over the course of successive governments.
These crimes and their perpetrators have gone unpunished, save for an ill-fated war crimes tribunal after the war. Worse still for Armenians dispersed around the globe, they have gone unacknowledged and have indeed been denied by Turkey as a program of genocidal destruction. Importantly, these crimes occurred decades before the codification of the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. And this legal technicality—nullum crimen sine lege—made an adequate judicial reckoning impossible for the victims and their descendants. Faced with this legal impasse and overwhelmingly outmaneuvered by the Turkish state’s revisionist campaigns, both domestic and international, Armenian communities worldwide resorted to bringing about recognition through international pressure. They turned to Holocaust revisionism laws by way of example to compel official legal acknowledgment of these persecutions as genocidal acts.
These communities achieved their first real victories in the 1980s, notably in 1987 with the European Parliament Resolution on a political solution to the Armenian question, according to which the EP “believes that the tragic events in 1915-1917 involving the Armenians living in the territory of the Ottoman Empire constitute genocide within the meaning of the convention on the prevention and the punishment of the crime of genocide adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948.” The text does not stop at recognition and lists, with intensifying emphasis, a set of criticisms and demands for the Republic of Turkey not only to recognize this chapter of history for what it was, but also to implement a slew of democratic reforms. These appear specifically in articles I.4 through I.9, which call for the protection of civil and minority rights as defined in the European Convention of Human Rights and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, and which stress Turkey’s responsibility to guarantee the free exercise of its Christian populations’ religious, ethnic, and cultural heritage.
Much has been stated on this resolution’s politicization of Armenian genocide recognition and its subsequent iterations in 2000 and 2005 as a vetting strategy to restrict or reject Turkey’s erstwhile bid for EU accession. Debate and criticism has also abounded on the more general issue of legislating this history, exemplified by Timothy Garton Ash’s denouncement of the 2006 French National Assembly bill to criminalize Armenian genocide denial: “What right has France to prescribe by law the correct historical terminology to characterize what another nation did to a third nation 90 years ago?” Regardless of the many arguments pro and contra on the legal regulation of historical discourse, the fact is that memory laws on the Armenian genocide have proliferated with declarations, resolutions, and proscriptions among some two dozen countries across four continents. These laws are here to stay, and they will serve as powerful precedents for future legislation.
That inevitability requires careful consideration of such laws’ formulations. The vast majority of existing legislation employs strictly declarative language, announcing with brevity, as does the one-line 2001 French law, the respective state’s official recognition of these crimes as genocide. A few—namely, Switzerland, Greece, and Slovakia—also criminalize public denial of the events as genocide. But the effectuality of such laws rests less upon their declarative or punitive powers, as it does on their explicit commitment to promoting and supporting the protection of human rights, and, in an increasingly connected world, to forging pro-democratic transnational solidarities. In that respect, the 1987 EP resolution serves as an important early model, as it identifies Turkey’s recognition of its and its predecessor state’s historical crimes as a significant step toward greater democratization and the implementation of marginalized groups’ civil, political, economic, and cultural rights. The resolution also stipulates the European Union’s commitment to encouraging and underwriting such initiatives.
Unfortunately, most governments have skirted this programmatic dimension, opting to restrict their Armenian genocide laws to pronouncements of recognition and/or condemnation. The Dutch parliament’s February resolution constitutes one such example. It requests simply that the government stop referring to “the question of the Armenian genocide” and that it instead employ the phrase “Armenian genocide” as a statement of fact rather than of unresolved controversy. The 2004 Dutch resolution likewise excludes any references to human rights violations in Turkey, emphasizing instead the necessity to “raise the recognition of the Armenian genocide” in EU-accession negotiations as a matter of cultural and political harmonization. Importantly, the Dutch government interpreted this parliamentary resolution as an independent legislative act that, as per the country’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, did not reflect the state’s official stance on the matter.
This seeming contradiction is not exclusive to the Netherlands. Israel, whose parliament struck down a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide within days of the February Dutch parliamentary vote, has demonstrated a similar intra-governmental divergence. Since 1989, the country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has obstructed attempts to introduce a genocide recognition law so as to maximize diplomatic engagements with Turkey. Yet, in 2000, the Minister of Education offered his public acknowledgment during April 24 commemorations in Jerusalem. And the Knesset’s Education, Culture and Sports Committee declared its recognition in 2016. As a result, while the Israeli government does not officially acknowledge Turkey’s genocidal crimes, the country’s public education nonetheless provides open instruction about this historical reality. According to the Knesset’s 2015 deliberations (the 2018 deliberations await release) on the matter of recognition, this acknowledgment stems from an assumed moral imperative on the part of Israelis as survivors and descendants of genocidal violence, independent of Turkey’s increasingly dire human rights record. Indeed, no mention of any rights features anywhere in the transcript of the 2015 parliamentary discussion.
Institutional ambivalence has clouded much of these laws’ intended moral clarity, giving rise to forms of un-recognition or bi-recognition, as evinced by the Dutch and Israeli cases. Other examples include France’s 2001 law, which omits any reference to perpetrators; Germany’s 2005 resolution, which refers to “massacre and expulsion,” not “genocide;” and Bulgaria’s ironic 2015 recognition of the Ottoman-Armenians’ fate as “mass extermination”—also, not “genocide,”—as “identified with definite historical facts and authentic documents.” Supra-national bodies, such as the European Court of Human Rights, have likewise succumbed to similar kinds of irony and ambivalence. The ECtHR’s judgment on the Perinçek v. Switzerland case serves as an illustration, where despite the European Parliament’s recognition of the Armenian genocide, the court ruled in favour of Perinçek on the basis of his right to freedom of expression.
In this overall climate of moral-mnemonic ambiguity, Germany’s 2016 parliamentary resolution provides some lucidity. It firstly overwrites the 2005 law’s elusive terminology by identifying the crimes in question as “genocide.” Importantly, echoing the 2005 law, it provides an unprecedently self-incriminating justification for the law by acknowledging Germany’s “contribution to the crimes against the Armenian people” and its historical “responsibility” to make amends by mediating “reconciliation and mutual understanding” among Turks and Armenians “over the trenches of the past.” In this unprecedentedly self-incriminating declaration of official culpability, the text identifies the historical events and their institutionalized forgetting as a German national historical issue. But, aside from correcting national history or ethico-political role-modelling, the resolution reveals another important consideration concerning human rights. It states, “Particularly in view of the large number of Turkish Muslims living in Germany, it is an important task to bring to mind the past and so to make the first steps toward reconciliation.”
These first steps, as the resolution emphatically and repeatedly pronounces, entail the enacted commitment to freedom of speech and inquiry. Initiated by the Green party leader and MP, Cem Özdemir—a self-identifying part ethnic Turk—and signed by 10 other ethnic Turkish MPs, the law intimates its expectation of this commitment not just in the long term from Turkey, but also more immediately among Muslim Turks residing in Germany. In that respect, and resonating with Özdemir’s parliamentary speech on the day of the resolution’s vote, it addresses the Muslim Turks of Germany as a demographic extension of Turkey, which can, in turn, affect pro-democratic, human-rights driven progress in Turkey itself. To that end, the law also promises programmatic and financial support to generate historical awareness and, ideally, rapprochement through education and mediation both in Germany and among Armenians and Turks.
This law thus differs significantly from its counterparts in prioritizing human rights as the basis of Armenian genocide recognition. And in that sense, it briefly proved to be a success as a discursive anchor for civil society actors engaged in the promotion of human rights in Turkey. The Istanbul-based Human Rights Association indeed thanked the German parliament for this resolution, calling the decision “exemplary in showing the approach that the world must take with regard to crimes against humanity committed by states. … We thus salute the German Parliament on the occasion of its decision.” The letter also condemns denialist Turkish hostility to Germany on this occasion, denouncing “these discourses and actions [as] attacks on the will of elected representatives, on democracy, human rights, and universal law.”
If Armenian genocide recognition is to succeed in Turkey, its advocates among memory lawmakers must prioritize and address the country’s collapsing democratic system and ever-precarious human rights conditions. The EP and German approaches certainly offer workable precedents as they draw this historical issue away from identity politics and toward pressing current crises regarding viable governance and democratic sustainability. This week, commemorations of this catastrophic past can be strengthened in their call for justice by expressing a similar spirit of transnational solidarity with their Turkish counterparts, whose government will thwart their efforts to exercise their freedoms of expression and assembly.
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Debra Wein, MS, RD, LDN., NSCA-CPT-D, CWPD
The effect of exercise on dietary protein requirements has been a controversial topic for years. Despite the debate, many athletes have routinely consumed extremely high protein diets with the hope of increasing size, getting cut, and gaining muscle mass. Indeed, protein performs extremely important functions in the body as part of enzymes, hormones, antibodies (in the immune system), and components of tissue, especially muscle tissue. However, more protein in the diet does not necessarily mean more muscle on the body.
Over the last 30 years, the protein debate has fueled quite a bit of research, and it has now become clear that regular exercise does in fact increase protein needs — good news for athletes who thought this was the case all along. On the other hand, the interpretation of what the increase should be is extremely variable. In fact, what a lot of athletes fail to realize is that the typical American diet contains excess protein, so that most exercising individuals obtain sufficient protein without any extra effort.
How much protein is enough?
Although muscle is indeed made of protein, eating excess amounts will not cause muscle hypertrophy or growth. Muscle stimulation and contraction, through strength training, causes muscle hypertrophy and eating extra carbohydrate — stored as glycogen — fuels intense strength training workouts. Without adequate glycogen, you cannot contract optimally and hypertrophy will be limited, whereas, consuming carbohydrates supports both glycogen and protein synthesis through the insulin response (insulin, an anabolic hormone, is produced in response to carbohydrate intake).
Table 1 – Protein recommendation based on activity
|Activity level||Conversion factor|
|Sedentary individuals / Sporadic exercisers||.4 grams per lb. body weight|
|Active exercisers||.5 – .6 grams per lb. body weight|
|Very active weight lifters||.7 – .8 grams per lb. body weight|
So what should you eat?
When eating, read food labels and use Table 2 below to track the number of grams of protein you eat each day. Do this for a few days to figure out your typical protein intake and make adjustments in your diet accordingly.
Table 2 – Protein content of food groups
|Food Group||Protein (grams)||Calories|
|Dairy – nonfat and low fat|
|1 cup milk, 1/3 cup dry milk,||8||90-120|
|1/2 cup evaporated milk 3/4 cup yogurt||8||91-120|
|Meat and Meat substitutes||7||35-55|
|1 oz lean meat, poultry, fish, shellfish,||7||35-55|
|2 egg whites, 1/2 cup cooked beans,||7||35-55|
|1 oz. low fat cheese||7||35-55|
|1 slice bread, 1/2 cup pasta||3||80|
|1/3 cup rice, 1 small potato||3||80|
|1/2 cup cooked or 1 cup raw||2||25|
|1/2 cup juice or 1 piece raw||0||60|
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Max Beer May 1909
Source: Social Democrat,Vol. XIII, No. 5, May, 1909, pp.218-223;
Transcribed: by Ted Crawford.
Evidence of a more conclusive nature of the prevalence of communistic views and tendencies in the last century B.C. is furnished by Josephus, Philo and Pliny in their accounts of the Essenes. Unlike the Sadducees and Pharisees, who were active national parties with special political and religious doctrines based on social classes, the Essenes were a sect strictly organised in communistic colonies. Their chief occupation was agriculture. The soil, the tools, the cattle were common property, likewise the buildings and houses, even their clothing belonged to the community as a whole, so that their production, distribution and consumption were put on a communistic basis. Their purely religious conceptions were Pharisaic; they submitted scrupulously to the yoke of the Law of Moses, with all its interpretations of the scribes and Pharisees. Only in one or two points they differed from their religious teachers; they rejected animal sacrifices, and they did not marry but lived in celibacy. All killing and fighting was repugnant to their views and sentiments. A spirit of peace, brotherhood, and piety pervaded the Essenic communities.
There exists a large literature on the Essenes, written by Christian and Jewish theologians who attempted to explain the origin and rise of this peculiar sect. All those attempts have so far failed. Communism among the Jewry of Palestine appeared to them as a strange phenomenon and as an alien element.
Yet it was a rational experiment of a section of Jews to find an exit from the maze of contradictions in which the nation found itself in the age of Christ.
Among the masses of post-exilic Jewry. the middle and lower classes, we have found two broad currents of thought, and sentiment - Pharisaic law and prophetic morality. Owing to the political and economic conditions of Palestine of those times, neither of those currents could find its realisation. Even the Pharisees themselves felt that law by itself was not a satisfactory solution of the religious problems confronting them, or as the “Sayings of the Fathers” have it, “Law without moral action is like to a tree rich in foliage, but without roots,” and the economic conditions did not permit the tree of life to strike roots. And the lower classes, to whom legalism did not appeal, were deprived of the means of production, and, therefore, of all possibilities of arranging life according to their sentiments.
Only a comparatively small number of people could hope to escape from the contradictions of Jewish society in the last century B.C., and arrange their lives according to the highest ideals that prevailed in that period. And these were the Essenes. In their organisations they combined all that was best in the Pharisaic and proletarian thought and sentiment - Law and Communism, piety and goodness, service of God and of Man. But it was not life; it was an escape from life. The Essenes had no influence on the course of history, for sects never have. It is only large mental movements, based on social classes, that shape the development of mankind. Also the Sadducees dwindled to a sect in the same measure as the Jewish aristocracy was destroyed in the civil and Roman wars. Only the Pharisees and the lower classes remained.
Still, the Essenic experiment, related by contemporary writers, is pregnant with meaning. It bears evidence of the deep moral fermentation that stirred the Jewry in the age of Christ. Communistic experiments and the writing of Utopias are always symptoms of an age of revolution, of the breaking up of the old and the germination of the new. And the age of the rise and spread of Christianity was in Palestine a period of revolution and insurrection. New prophets, miracle-workers, insurrectionary leaders appeared who led or misled the masses into new theories and new hopes, or to heroic fights against the Roman Empire. The pages in Josephus dealing with that period, though written in sober prose, are full of appalling tragedy and dissolution. It was the end of a numerically small, but mentally great nation.
The component elements of the Jewry, the Pharisees and the proletariat, separated and formed two schools of thought. The first laid the foundation of Judaism with its rabbis and Talmudic literature. The proletarians and the dissatisfied Pharisees laid the foundation of Christianity with its Gospel and patristic literature.
The messages of both classes were borne by men of great intellect and character. They gave coherent expression and palpable reality to the floating sentiments and views of their respective classes as they had developed in the long centuries of struggle, suffering, and thinking of the Jewry.
And the role of the great personality in history consists not in creating new ideas and making new periods, but in expressing, co-ordinating, and realising the longings and tendencies of its time. The great man is an elemental force, directed by the conditions and equipped with the instruments of his time. He is the mouthpiece of the more or less inarticulate desires of his people. The conditions and exigencies in the midst of which he lives furnish him the material to work upon.
It has taken humanity a long time to grasp the nature of the hero in history. And even to-day his role is not everywhere understood. Its understanding depends on the view we take of history. From an individualistic, aristocratic, and artistic point of view the hero is regarded as the creator of history. From a collectivist, democratic, and scientific point of view the hero is but an instrument of history, conditioned by environment and time, and standing on the accumulated labours of past generations.
An Alexander the Great born in our time would have been a great Macedonian brigand or comitaji. Without the French Revolution, Napoleon and Wellington would have remained simply generals. Territorial nations could not have a Nelson. Agricultural nations produce no inventors. Every healthy nation with a healthy development begets, from time to time, men of great abilities and energies. With what ideas and motives those men are filled, and on what material they work, depends upon the conditions in which they are brought up and live.
The Pharisees produced a Hillel, a Johanan ben Zakkai, an Akiba - men of great intellectual and moral abilities, but still Pharisees, with conservative religious conceptions, attached to the law and clinging to the hope of divine interference through a saviour or messiah to redeem His chosen people. The Jewish proletarians produced a Jesus and a James, men of high moral courage and clearness of vision, full of prophetic teaching, opposed to the rich and the legalists, and therefore revolutionary in their activities. Jesus took up the thread of ethical teaching where Isaiah the Second had left it. All the reports of the miracles performed by him need not detain us for a single moment. Similar miracles are reported of every great rabbi, and the longer those rabbis have been dead the greater the number of the miracles performed by them. Jews, with all their shrewdness, are curiously credulous in matters of religion. And the people to whom Jesus preached were illiterate, uncritical, and with a strong will to believe. The hope for a messiah was universal in Palestine, and a messiah sent by God, must needs have been a miracle worker. Besides, there is probably not a single great man in history whose life has been handed down to us in an exact manner. The art of seeing things and persons as they are, the search for exact truth, are quite modern acquisitions. We owe them to inductive logic and applied science. The ancient and mediaeval historians, with very rare exceptions, did not see reality; still less the masses of people. Lack of understanding, the legendary and romantic bent, admiration and hatred, have woven round all the heroes of history a whole wreath of fantastic details; they were transfigured by popular imagination, desires and ideals. An historic hero is more characteristic of the thoughts and sentiments of the people among whom he lived than of real history. From the picture handed down of him we can judge what views and longings stirred his age. And as those views and longings were the products of social conditions, the task of the modern historian who desires to understand the past is to study the basis of history and to reconstruct the personal forces through which history has worked.
In that light we see Jesus as a man who expressed in word and deed in the most adequate manner the proletarian feeling of his generation as based on the prophetic and communistic tendencies. But Jesus was not the only founder of Christianity. St. Paul was its co-founder. He came from another stratum of Jewish society; he was a Pharisee. From his letters we may see how the psychology of a dissatisfied Pharisee worked. He did not abandon Judaism from the same motives as Jesus, and did not follow him from the same motives as James. In Jesus and James we see the proletarian opposition to the Pharisaic class. With St. Paul it was different. He felt no class antagonism. As the son of middle-class people he had no proletarian feeling which made rich and wicked convertible terms. He came to Jesus because of spiritual anguish. Idealistic, fiery, longing for salvation, he strove with might and main to fulfil the law. Man was naturally bad and wicked; therefore God gave him the law as a guide. This was good Pharisaic teaching. But the Jewish law, with its multitudinous and minute interpretations, proved not a guide, but a tyrannical taskmaster, bent on making man sinful. Paul was not the first or the last Jew who went through the same mental experience and agonies. He finally despaired of the ability of man to enter into communication with God through the gate of legalism. And yet what is man without the help of God? What is man to do to be saved? It is psychologically quite probable that in the first stages of his inner crisis he persecuted the first Christians with all the greater zeal. But he felt heartbroken. It was no use kicking against the pricks. Man could not rely for salvation on his own doings. However, if the law was impossible there was faith by which “the righteous shall live,” and there was grace. In this mental crisis he found his Damascus. He definitely rejected the law and took refuge in faith. He became the apostle of the heathen, but he impressed the Christian doctrine with Pharisaic mentality.
The great opposition between works and faith, of which we read in James, is the opposition between the proletarian and Pharisaic elements, which went to form the Christian Church.
In concluding my sketches on certain phases of Jewish history I venture to recommend Kautsky's “Ursprung des Christentums” (Stuttgart, 1908) to all readers who desire to follow up this subject, and to enter more fully into the question of the rise and organisation of primitive Christianity, as well as into the economics and philosophy of the age of Christ in the Roman Empire.
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The Buzz About Buzzwords
The Buzz About Buzzwords by Brittany Lyons highlights the pro's and con's of using buzzwords.
Anyone who's spent any time in the business world knows that regardless of your goals or plans to get there, if you don't have an air-tight presentation, you're dead in the water. Thus, it's unsurprising that thousands of different how-to articles, books or even whole courses have sprung up around the question of building a memorable presentation, and most of them heavily espouse the use of “buzz words.” But what are these magic little words, and how do they really work? More importantly, what are the dangers of relying on them too much?
In many ways, buzz words are similar to jargon (industry-specific terminology). For instance, they often refer to something within a specific field that is hard to understand for people who don't have PhDs on the subject. This conveys a sense of technical complexity and value without actually communicating meaning to the person listening, which lends the topic great weight while also leaving quite a bit of wiggle room for the presenter to change the details later.
The main reason that a presenter would choose to utilize a buzz word is to engage a listener's attention and convince them that the concept being presented is worth their time and attention, even if they don't fully understand it and the details are kind of boring. They usually target key concepts within the idea that customers are sure to find attractive—things like “empowerment” or “globalization.” Sometimes, the buzz word may not mean anything at all, but simply sounds powerful and dynamic. The most famous example is “synergy,” which is often ridiculed in TV sitcoms and stand-up comedy acts because no one can fully define it.
Buzz words are also particularly useful when presenting an idea that might not agree with the audience. For example, if a company needed to downsize in order to meet budgeting restrictions, the presenter might say, “we need to streamline company operations.” What he or she really means is the company will have to fire people, but using the buzz phrase “streamline operations” makes it sound like a simple and painless process. It's this kind of use that has earned buzz words a bad name in recent decades, and made their use risky.
Essentially, in the mind of the public, buzz word is now synonymous with the idea of Orwellian language—using positive words to mean negative things, thereby tricking people into thinking something that's completely wrong. Too often, businesses use buzz words in advertising to gloss over the grimy details of sub-par products, and it's made consumers wary. Even the phrase itself has become a dirty word, indicative of deceit on the part of the salesman. To make matters worse, most of the really popular ones have become cliched, and therefore make it easy for a customer to spot the sales pitch. And customers do not like to buy sales pitches. They like to buy products.
The verdict, then, is that buzz words are an effective tool, but only when used in moderation. One or two unique, carefully selected phrases can catch a customer's attention, and help them understand the benefits of the product. More than that will start to confuse the information and put the customer on guard, which means that they won't trust you and they won't buy from you.
About the Author: Brittany Lyons aspires to be a psychology professor, but decided to take some time off from grad school to help people learn to navigate the academic lifestyle. She currently lives in Spokane, Washington, where she spends her time reading science fiction and walking her dog.
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Everyone is different. Your background, interests and personality make you unique. When considering your future career and choice of college, it's easy to be influenced by what others think or say. Don't think of certain colleges as good or bad. Think of which would be best for you.
Depending on many factors, preparing for college can be a simple or a time-consuming process. This Explore section will give you and your family some of the tools you will need.
Virginia is home to many institutions of higher learning.
Public four-year schools can be large colleges and universities such as the the George Mason University, James Madison University, Old Dominion University, the University of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University and Virginia Tech, as well as smaller institutions such as Christopher Newport University, Longwood University, Radford University, the University of Mary Washington, U.Va.'s College at Wise, Virginia State University and Norfolk State.
Public two-year schools include the Virginia Community College System's 23 schools across Virginia and Richard Bland College.
Virginia's higher education also includes a wide range of private schools and colleges from Appalachian School of Law to Washington & Lee University. Some are nonprofit institutions, while others are for-profit.
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‘Straw is an ageless material closely associated with Christmas. […] Love and joy go into the craftsmanship, and each member of the family has a part in it. The father cuts the grain, the children husk and sort it, the mother makes it into wonderfully imaginative objects. And Christmas Eve seems mystical when the candles are lit and the shiny straw reflects their shimmering light.’ (The joyful Christmas craft book, 1963, p. 76)
The following instruction on how to make straw stars were published in the 1960s book “The Joyful Christmas Craft Book”.
How To Make A Straw Stars
‘Any kind of grain straw may be used for decorative purposes. Wheat, rye, oat, barley, or rice straw differ only in the length of the stems. Large objects require the longest pieces available. In cities, some straw may be purchased from florists, but baled straw is apt to be
damaged and to require careful sorting. If you drive into the country, stop at a farmhouse and inquire about hand-cut sheaves of grain straw. […] Many gardeners prefer to grow their own wheat or rye for craftwork. […]
Straw should be hand-cut at the peak of growth. A large hedge shears or scythe is the best tool. Tie the straw in loose bundles and hang to dry in a garage or shed for ten days to two weeks. Then, on some fine summer day, invite a few fellow craftsmen to a husking bee. […]
Soak straw in warm water for a few hours or overnight before working with it. To prevent it floating, weight it with a heavy plate. […] Tie the ends of two straws tightly together with red or gold thread […] It is important to tie the thread tight enough to score the straw, as straw shrinks slightly as it dries and loosely-tied threads may slip off. […] The secrets of good workmanship are equal spacing and tight, neat tying. Cut threads short and trim the ends of the straws. Attach a loop of thread to the top point and hang.’ (The joyful Christmas craft book, 1963, p. 77ff.)
Stars Of Pressed Straw
‘1. Cut four matched straws of equal length, and press flat.
2. Place two straws at right angles.
3. Place two additional straws on the diagonals.
4. Bring an end of thread from the back across the face of the topmost straw, under the vertical straw, over the next diagonal, and repeat around. Tie securely.
5. Repeat with four shorter straws.
6. Superimpose small star on large star and weave as before. Tie securely. Trim ends into desired pattern.’ (The joyful Christmas craft book, 1963, p. 88)
‘Materials Eighty-eight long straws (18 to 20 inches)
1. Pencil-mark the centers of the straws, and tie with nylon cord as tight as possible.
2. Weave a circle, about 2 inches from the center, with ecru nylon or cotton thread, catching up two straws with each twist of the weaving.
3. Tie four straws into each of twenty-two bunches in the next round, 2 inches from the preceding round.
4. Take two straws from adjoining bunches, cross and tie together 2 inches from last round.
5. Tie alternate bunches together to form the last round, which must be tied very tight to avoid loose construction.
Note: To make a heavier sunburst, simply double all the specified numbers throughout.’ (The joyful Christmas craft book, 1963, p. 89)
Eight-Pointed Straw Star
‘1. Pencil-mark the centers of eight uniform straws, 6 inches long.2. Wind thread twice around straws as close to one side of the needle as possible, and pull thread gently to make the straws flare out into a double fan. Remove needle.
3. Tie two straws together, 1 inch from center. Repeat around.
4. Using 1 straw from each pair, tie the ends in tight double knots. Trim uniformly.
A. Pencil-mark the centers of twelve uniform straws, 6 inches long.
B. Proceed as in 2 above.
C. Tie two straws together, 1 inch from center; skip one straw; tie two straws together; repeat around.
D. Let the single straw that was skipped in C become a center spoke for each of the eight points of the star. Tie three straws at the ends, allowing the center spoke to remain straight, as pictured. Trim uniformly.’ (The joyful Christmas craft book, 1963, p. 102)
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War Department Rosters of Officers, with Lewis's Evaluations
Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Image 269
Jefferson's General Staff was problematic, as the multiple crosses after five of the seven names indicate. The President discharged three of the five within a year after Lewis completed his assessment. Two of the staff who had served during the Revolution were retained despite their Federalist loyalty—the adjutant, Thomas H. Cushing, and the paymaster general, Caleb Swan. Edward Turner was retained, though he resigned three years later. Most controversial of all was Jefferson's close friend, the commanding general James Wilkinson, on whom Lewis discreetly chose to register no comment.
Second Regiment of Infantry
Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Image 275
In the summer of 1801 the War Department supplied the President with a roster of the 269 officers, all career professionals, serving in the small U.S. Army as of July 24, 1801. Jefferson retained 131 of them, most but not all of the Republican persuasion. In the page shown here—the fourth of eleven—Lewis's coded remarks are in the extreme right-hand column.1
1. Donald Jackson, "Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis, and the Reduction of the United States Army," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 125, No. 2 (April 1980), 91-96.
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Michael Lopez-Brau and I are students of cognitive psychology and were intrigued by the work of Yale faculty members David Rand and Gordon Pennycook on how warning people about fake news can sometimes hurt more than it helps.
From such studies, we knew that some of the efforts to combat fake news, such as Facebook's warnings to readers that certain articles are of dubious authenticity, wouldn't work. In fact, calling attention to offending headlines with warnings from fact checkers might have the unintended effect of making other fake news headlines (that don't have warning labels) seem even more true.
It wasn't until we teamed up with Alex Cui from the California Institute of Technology and Jeff An from the University of Waterloo at Yale's hackathon, or YHack, that we came up with a solution. We call it Open Mind.
The new program is an extension on Google Chrome. It flags fake news websites with extremely visible warnings and hides these websites until the user intentionally clicks a button to unhide it. Second, and most important, it presents readers with articles of differing political viewpoints on the topics that they are most interested in and read about most often. It also gives users a snapshot of the political biases in their reading history and suggests additional news sources to balance out their media diet.
We are proud to have been selected among 23 competitors to be invited to Washington, D.C., to present our ideas for members of Congress. Our hope is to help people become better informed media consumers and to truly value free, open and honest press.
Michael Lopez-Brau and Stefan Uddenberg are doctoral candidates in psychology at Yale University.
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A glass is located in front of concave mirror as shown in figure. The gap between mirror and glass is neglected. In this conditions, where is the final image of matter? http://i26.tinypic.com/2a6w6es.jpg The answer of above problem is not match with mine. I need help. I draw the beams as below, since the gap between mirror and the glass neglected, i think the figure is approximately the same as above. http://i31.tinypic.com/2yplsif.jpg If the roads of beam right then the final image of matter is between focus and center of curvature. But the book say it is far from center of curvature. What do you think?
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– Legal versus Ethical, Permissible versus Proper — There’s a big difference between what you have right to do and what is right to do. –
Does the concept of business ethics justify or
even require the pursuit of profit and self interest without regard to core ethical principles that govern our non business lives? Or more broadly, is all ethics contextual? Are the moral rules for gaining and retaining power different for politicians. Is there a duty in sports to achieve victory that allows coaches and athletes to play by different ethical rules? Answering these questions reveals a gap between the “is” (what people really think and do) and the “ought” (what basic moral principles say about what we ought to think and do).
Despite self-serving and self-justifying claims to the contrary, the concepts of personal and corporate responsibility are real and important. While the application of ethical principles may be contextual (e.g., the “situation” is relevant to what is fair or respectful or how to demonstrate responsibility or caring), the ethical principles themselves are not. An ethical person, a person of good character, demonstrates integrity, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and good citizenship in all contexts. Greed is not good.
The poster above articulates the moral truth:
ETHICS IS A GROUND A RULE, NOT AN OPTION. The crucial question is not whether an act is permissible, but IS IT PROPER? Not whether it is legal, but IS IT RIGHT? People of character know the difference between what they have a right to do and what is right to do; they often do more than what’s required and less than what’s allowed.
Yet we hear in business, politics and sports the excuse: “Everything I did was legal. Blame the law, not me.” From an ethical perspective, this claim is a nonstarter.
The law tells us what is prohibited or required. It doesn’t tell us what is right and proper. Those are moral questions we are all accountable to ask and answer. Imagine a society where everyone did everything they had a right to do and only what they were required to do. There would be no kindness, generosity, charity or respect. There would be no personal restraint on the use of power or authority. Ultimately, to assure a civil society we would need volumes and volumes of laws.
Some seem to believe that when we are engaged in commerce, the pursuit of profit is the only pertinent consideration, that the only moral principle in business is the obligation to ourselves and family, our business and our employees is to maximize financial gain. This principle justifies treating what some call civic responsibilities as burdens to be avoided and minimized to the greatest extent possible.
Though the blindly self-serving view of business that “greed is good” popularized by Gordon Gekko the old movie “Wall Street” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PF_iorX_MAw), has some very prominent advocates, it is morally hollow. But this “look out for number one” philosophy is not only ethically unworthy, it is also incredibly short-sighted and ultimately self-defeating.
Personal and Corporate Responsibility
And though there are plenty of examples of this cynical and essentially selfish perspective, most recently in the flagrant illegal and immoral moral actions at Volkswagen and Wells Fargo, no public company today overtly espouses and most do not pursue a profit only perspective. Instead, it is widely accepted that businesses have moral duties to a wide range of stakeholders including consumers, vendors and the general public. This has given rise to the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) defined succintly in Wikipedia as:
“a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatory mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards and national or international norms. With some models, a firm’s implementation of CSR goes beyond compliance and engages in “actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law.”
For some, the concept is simply a sincerely noble and uplifting way to look at a business enterprise, for others, it is just a strategy to better achieve profitability by increasing trust and loyalty and avoiding resource draining and reputation-damaging lawsuits and scandals. See “Why CSR? The Benefits Of Corporate Social Responsibility Will Move You To Act” http://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2013/05/18/why-csr-the-benefits-of-corporate-social-responsibility-will-move-you-to-act/#49fdb12f5e1c.
Regardless of the motive, anyone who claims a fiduciary obligation to use every possible means to maximize profits without regard for the collateral consequences is adhering to a primitive and discredited theory masking socially irresponsible selfishness. There is both a personal and corporate responsibility to do ones share, to pay ones share and to moderate selfishness.
– Michael Josephson (Revised Dec. 31, 2016)
Please return to home page www.josephsononbusinessethics.org to bwose other articles you might find interesting and subscribe to our free monthly newsletter.
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Expectant mothers have to consider certain everyday decisions of their life in a new way — including the food choices they make. So what should these women keep in mind now that they are "eating for two?"
Many health experts agree that there are some foods pregnant women should focus on adding to their diet, some foods they should avoid and some vitamins they should consider.
For the most part, according to the Mayo Clinic, a healthy eating plan for moms-to-be should follow the same principles of general healthy eating. However, there are some nutrients that these women should take care to consider, including folate.
"Folate is a B vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects, serious abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord," the Mayo Clinic explains. This nutrient can be found in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits and dried beans and peas.
Calcium, another important nutrient, can help build strong bones and teeth in the developing baby, and help make sure the mother's circulatory and muscular systems are running properly, says the Mayo Clinic. This nutrient can be found in dairy products and certain vegetables like broccoli and kale. Vitamin D, found in fish like salmon, can also help the baby's bones and teeth develop.
The Mayo Clinic also suggests that pregnant women focus on getting plenty of protein to help the baby grow — particularly during the second and third trimesters — from sources like eggs, fish, lean meat, poultry, dried beans and tofu.
Expectant mothers should also make sure to include iron in their diet, from sources like lean red meat, poultry and fish.
"Your body uses iron to make hemoglobin, a protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen to your tissues. During pregnancy your blood volume expands to accommodate changes in your body and help your baby make his or her entire blood supply — doubling your need for iron," explains the Mayo Clinic.
Nutrition during pregnancy is not just about adding in more of the good stuff; pregnant women also have to consider taking out certain items from their diet.
"Because pregnancy affects your immune system, you and your unborn baby are more susceptible to the bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause foodborne illness," explains the US Department of Health & Human Services (HHS). The unborn baby is also sensitive to toxins, like mercury, that may be present in some foods.
In light of these possible risks, HHS recommends that pregnant women avoid a number of foods, including unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses made from unpasteurized milk, like brie, feta and queso fresco, as these products may contain bacteria like E.coli and Listeria.
Raw seafood, like shellfish or sushi, may contain parasites or bacteria like Vibrio that can be dangerous for pregnant women.
HHS also recommends avoiding certain kinds of fish, including swordfish and king mackerel, as these can contain high levels of mercury that can cause problems for the baby.
Many women wonder if there are any supplements they should take during pregnancy. The Mayo Clinic noted that this may especially be a concern for women with special diets or health issues.
However, in an interview with dailyRx News, Andre F. Hall, MD, OB/GYN at Birth and Women’s Care in Fayetteville, North Carolina, said that he usually recommends against the use of supplements during pregnancy.
"I recommend three balanced meals daily along with a prenatal vitamin," said Dr. Hall.
According to the Mayo Clinic, prenatal vitamins often focus on providing women with folic acid (the synthetic form of the nutrient folate) and iron, along with a number of other nutrients.
"Supplements, unlike prenatal vitamins, are not regulated by the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration)," explained Dr. Hall. "As a result, it is sometimes difficult to know exactly what might be in a particular supplement. Since there is a developing child involved, I choose not to risk it."
Women should talk with their doctor about the use of supplements and vitamins during pregnancy, and about overall nutrition and diet. Eating a healthful, balanced diet with a variety of nutrients can help keep both mother and baby healthy as they grow together.
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Genetic research has revealed that commercially available medicinal leeches used around the world in biomedical research and postoperative care have been misclassified for centuries. Until now, the leeches were assumed to be the species Hirudo medicinalis, but new research reveals they are actually a closely related but genetically distinct species, Hirudo verbana.
The study also shows that wild European medicinal leeches are at least three distinct species, not one. "This raises the tantalizing prospect of three times the number of anticoagulants, and three times as many biomedically important developments in areas like protease inhibitors," said Mark Siddall of the American Museum of Natural History, who led the research team. "However, it will also require a better effort to conserve these much-maligned animals, in a way that takes into account their impressive diversity."
While Hirudo medicinalis was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004, for use as a prescription medical device that helps restore blood flow following cosmetic and reconstructive surgery, Hirudo verbana has not been approved by the FDA and has no special conservation status.
"This study is a great example of why the field of taxonomy [the science of classification of organisms] is so important," said Patrick Herendeen, program director in the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Environmental Biology, which funded the research. "Taxonomists have been studying the diversity of life on Earth for hundreds of years. In this case, the discovery of previously unknown species diversity has very significant legal and commercial implications."
Since the time of Hippocrates and long before Carolus Linnaeus first described Hirudo medicinalis in 1758, medicinal leeches have been used in a variety of medical treatments--some legitimate, many not. Demand for leeches in 19th-century Europe grew so intense that efforts to protect them led to the some of the earliest legislative efforts at biological conservation.
Leeches are still afforded protection by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and are regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the Berne Convention, and the European Union Habitat Directive.
Commercially available European medicinal leeches also are used extensively by biomedical researchers studying biological processes such as blood coagulation, developmental genetics and neurobiology. Studies of commercial specimens have figured prominently in the discovery and production of anticoagulants and protease inhibitors, some of which may have cancer-fighting properties.
That researchers have been mistakenly using Hirudo verbana in their work for decades may call much of this research, including hundreds of scientific publications, into question and force a reconsideration of what scientists think they know about this widely studied species.
Siddall and his colleagues examined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of wild leeches from across their range in Europe, as well as from samples supplied by commercial providers and university laboratories that use leeches as model organisms.
Their analysis clearly showed that the commercial and laboratory specimens were not Hirudo medicinalis, as they were labeled, but Hirudo verbana. In addition, the work showed that the specimens of wild European medicinal leeches clearly comprised three genetically distinct species.
The results appear in the April 10, 2007, online version of the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Other scientists involved in the study include Peter Trontelj from the University of Ljublajana in Slovenia, Serge Utevsky from the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University in Ukraine, Tripp Macdonald of Rutgers University, and an undergraduate student from the City University of New York, Mary Nkamany.
In addition to NSF, the research was supported by grants from the Richard Lounsbery Foundation, the Slovenian Research Agency, and INTAS.
Cite This Page:
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What role do they play in the art market?
In the past contemporary drawings were usually treated as less valuable artworks than paintings. Recently they seem to be enjoying a renaissance among art enthusiasts.
According to Artprice the auction prices for drawings by established artists have been rising for 5 years. The popularity of contemporary drawings is also increasing. What are contemporary drawings? What other kinds of works on paper are popular among art lovers? Which fairs show drawings by contemporary and emerging artists?
What are contemporary drawings?
Drawing is one of the oldest existing forms of visual arts that has evolved through various periods of human history, art movements and theories. It is one of the most efficient techniques of visual communication transporting ideas and emotions through a wide range of motifs, perspectives and techniques. Then and now drawings are continuing to be works of art which use paper as their support. Due to this drawings are usually presented in curated collections alongside other works on paper.
Although drawing has been present throughout many historical periods, its forms started to diversify in the nineteenth century. Starting with the development of technical drawing in the industries like engineering and architecture, further industrial and technological progress encouraged the development of editorial illustration, animation and cartooning.
Artistic drawing established as an independent form of art and often allows an affordable way to purchase a valuable original artwork. While drawings by famous artists belong to the auction masters, contemporary drawings are no longer less valuable than paintings.
The term "collage" describes both the technique and the artwork that consists of pieces of paper, photographs, fabric and other elements that are arranged and combined on a supporting surface.
The original term derives from the French term papiers collés (or découpage). This technique consisted of pasting paper cut-outs onto various surfaces. As drawings and works on paper began to gain more attention as an art form, collage was recognized as an artistic technique at the beginning of the twentieth century.
A contemporary collage can also include other media like painting, portions of other artwork or texts, contain 3d elements or even be composed digitally.
More and more emerging artists take their own approach and modernize the collage technique transforming even more multidimensional expressions into their works.
Mixed forms and techniques
Over the past decade there has been further public and artistic interest in drawing which has embraced much more than figuration. During the ninetieth emerging artists broke significantly from the tenets of modernism. Contemporary drawing has been energised by the vast distribution and easy sharing of imagery through electronic devices. Internet and social media also keep playing a major part in the artistic growth of contemporary drawing sharpening its way of thoughts, ideas and impulses.
The new variety of artistic options influenced the usage of the traditional instruments like graphite, pencils, pen and ink, various kinds of paints, inked brushes, coloured pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk and pastels. Contemporary drawings and works on paper often feature a new mix of instruments and surfaces like cardboard, wood, plastic, leather and canvas. Especially emerging artists keep challenging drawing as an art form.
Drawings fairs & ehibitions
As works on paper have become a desirable medium for art collectors, more and more well-known art fairs include and highlight drawings as a category. Two younger fairs in Paris, France are even concentrating primarily on contemporary drawings. Drawing Now is oriented towards works of acknowledged artists, DDESSIN is exhibiting the rising ones. Being focused on contemporary art presented by a younger generation of galleries, LISTE Art Fair Basel , Switzerland also exhibits drawings.
Browse some of our artwork collection online and widen your view at your favourite art fair. Contemporary drawings and works by emerging artists provide art lovers an opportunity to buy a unique piece at the fraction of a price of a painting. It's also a way to strengthen a collection of an artist’s work in other media. Take a look at our drawing selection above and get inspired!
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Dr Arun Prakash
Golu was a young and energetic boy, brimming with warmth and wit. However, his father, Mr. Mehra, often found himself drawing comparisons between Golu and historical figures, particularly Abraham Lincoln. He would detail Lincoln’s achievements at various ages, hoping to inspire Golu. But for Golu, these comparisons felt like a weight rather than motivation. One day, as Mr. Mehra recounted another of Lincoln’s accomplishments, Golu quipped, “Papa, he was the President of America at your age!”
This light-hearted exchange between Golu and his father opens up a profound conversation about expectations, achievements, and individual growth paths. It sets the stage for us to delve into a topic that is often misunderstood: learning disabilities.
When we think of learning disabilities, it’s easy to focus solely on the challenges they present. However, history and the present day are rich with examples of remarkable individuals who have turned their learning disabilities into unique strengths, rewriting the narrative of what it means to be ‘different.’
Take Sir Richard Branson, the founder of the Virgin Group, as a prime example. Branson is dyslexic, a condition that made traditional learning and particularly reading, a significant challenge for him. He often found words jumbling up in front of him, making reading an arduous task. Yet, this didn’t stop him from becoming one of the most successful entrepreneurs of our time. His dyslexia didn’t define his limitations; instead, it shaped a unique way of thinking that played a crucial role in his innovative business approach.
Similarly, consider the story of Steven Spielberg, one of the most influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. Spielberg struggled with dyslexia, which was undiagnosed until he was an adult. For years, he grappled with reading and writing, often feeling out of place in a traditional school setting. But this challenge didn’t deter his path to success; it fuelled his extraordinary visual storytelling abilities, leading him to create some of the most iconic films ever made.
Another inspiring figure is Albert Einstein, renowned for his contributions to physics. Einstein had difficulty with communication and learning in a typical school environment, which led many to believe he wouldn’t succeed academically. However, these early struggles didn’t stop him from developing the theory of relativity and becoming one of the most brilliant minds in history.
When we discuss learning disabilities, it’s essential to recognize the wide spectrum they cover, and how individuals with these challenges have achieved remarkable success in various fields. While we’ve looked at figures like Sir Richard Branson and Steven Spielberg, who turned their dyslexia into a strength, there are many other learning disabilities that people have successfully navigated.
For instance, consider Temple Grandin, a renowned animal scientist and advocate for autism. Diagnosed with autism, a developmental disorder that affects communication and behaviour, Grandin has used her unique perspective to revolutionize livestock handling and become a prominent speaker on both autism and animal behaviour.
Daniel Tammet, another individual with autism, is a linguistic, mathematical, and visual savant. Despite the challenges posed by his condition, Tammet has harnessed his extraordinary cognitive abilities to learn multiple languages and write bestselling books, offering insights into the workings of his mind.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is another common learning disability. Simone Biles, the world-renowned gymnast, has ADHD. She has openly discussed her condition and how medication and support have helped her maintain focus and achieve greatness in her sport.
These stories highlight not just the diversity in learning disabilities but also the potential for exceptional achievement when these differences are nurtured. However, it’s crucial to recognize that if learning difficulties are not addressed at an early age, they can have a devastating effect on certain children. Early intervention is key. Without understanding and support, children with learning disabilities might face not only academic challenges but also emotional and social struggles, including low self-esteem, anxiety, and a feeling of isolation.
As we delve into the various aspects of learning disabilities, we must keep in mind that early recognition and support can significantly alter the trajectory of a child’s life. It’s not merely about academic success; it’s about empowering these children to understand and embrace their unique way of learning, ensuring they don’t just survive but thrive both in school and in life.
Embracing Diversity: The Prevalence and Genetics of Learning Disabilities
The challenge of diagnosing learning disabilities is often overshadowed by an even greater hurdle: acceptance. For many parents, acknowledging that their child might have a learning disability is a difficult realization. This difficulty is further intensified by misconceptions and a lack of awareness about the prevalence and nature of these disabilities.
Statistically, learning disabilities are more common than many realize. According to the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study, approximately 11.3% of children under 20 years globally have mild-to-severe disabilities. This figure includes a range of developmental disabilities, emphasizing the significant presence of these conditions in the global population.
To comprehend this better, it’s essential to understand the role of genetics. The crossing over of chromosomes during reproduction, a fundamental process for genetic diversity, results in each individual having a unique set of genes. This genetic variation is crucial for human evolution and accounts for the wide range of abilities and traits in the population. Ongoing genetic changes can contribute to the development of learning disabilities. These variations are not faults but are part of the natural and complex tapestry of human genetics.
Recognizing learning disabilities through this scientific lens aids in normalizing these conditions. It underscores that learning disabilities are not rare anomalies but are part of the broader human experience, influenced by the intricate and often unpredictable nature of genetics.
This perspective is vital for parents and educators. It encourages moving away from stigma and towards a more informed, empathetic approach to supporting children with learning disabilities. Acceptance is the first step in creating an environment where every child can flourish, recognizing that every individual’s unique genetic makeup contributes valuable diversity to the tapestry of humanity.
Early Detection: Identifying and Responding to Learning Disabilities
Let’s explore the early warning signs of learning disabilities that parents and educators, often without specific knowledge in this area, should be aware of. Recognizing these symptoms early can significantly influence a child’s educational and developmental path.
- Difficulty with Reading and Writing: Struggling to recognize simple words or understanding the connection between letters and sounds.
- Challenges with Mathematical Concepts: Having trouble grasping basic math concepts or struggling with number sense.
- Problems with Attention and Concentration: Easily distracted, difficulty staying focused on tasks or following instructions.
- Difficulty with Fine Motor Skills: Struggling with tasks like using scissors or writing, which require hand-eye coordination.
- Problems with Memory: Difficulty remembering instructions, sequences, or recently taught information.
- Trouble Understanding and Following Directions: Consistently misinterpreting instructions or unable to follow multi-step directions.
- Delayed Language Development: Speaking later than peers, limited vocabulary, or difficulty forming sentences.
It’s important to note that there is a wide variation in these observations among all children. Some children may exhibit these signs but not have a learning disability. Therefore, it’s essential to approach these indicators with caution and not immediately assume a learning disability. If concerns persist, seeking a professional evaluation is advisable for a proper assessment.
Navigating Support: Counselling and Therapy Options for Learning Disabilities
Upon observing early symptoms of learning disabilities, there are several avenues of counselling and therapy available to parents:
- School-Based Support: Many schools have educational psychologists or counsellors who can assess children and provide guidance. They may offer Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) or 504 plans to tailor education to the child’s needs.
- Private Therapists and Psychologists: Families can seek assessments and therapy from licensed professionals specializing in learning disabilities. These experts provide targeted interventions and strategies to support the child’s learning.
- Special Education Services: In many regions, public education systems offer special education services that include assessment, personalized instruction, and various therapies (speech, occupational, etc.).
- Parental Training and Workshops: Organizations often provide workshops and resources to educate parents on supporting their children with learning disabilities effectively.
- Online Resources and Support Groups: Various online platforms offer resources, forums, and support groups where parents can gain information and connect with others facing similar challenges.
- Community Organizations and Non-Profits: Local community centres and non-profit organizations often have programs and resources to assist children with learning disabilities and their families.
Each of these resources plays a crucial role in providing comprehensive support to children with learning disabilities, helping them to overcome challenges and succeed academically and socially.
Transforming Challenges into Strengths: Inclusivity and Success Stories in Learning Disabilities
Inclusivity in education is not just a noble goal; it’s a practical approach that can lead to better outcomes for all students. However, misconceptions and stigma often lead to children with learning disabilities being labelled negatively, affecting their educational and social experiences. Embracing inclusivity can change this narrative, as demonstrated by the success stories of individuals who have turned their learning challenges into unique strengths.
The Power of Inclusion: Transforming Education through Diversity
Inclusivity in education has proven to be a game-changer, not only for students with learning disabilities but for entire communities. By integrating students with diverse needs, schools foster an environment of empathy, understanding, and collective growth. Here are some real-life examples illustrating the impact of inclusive education:
- Alice’s Story: Alice Atieno Ouma from Kenya, with an intellectual disability, found her path through the Education for Life project. After dropping out of school due to a non-supportive environment, Alice joined this inclusive program, which drastically improved her literacy and mathematics skills. The inclusive setting provided a sense of belonging, boosted her confidence, and positively impacted her family life.
- Emmanuel’s Journey: Emmanuel, a boy with hearing and speech impairments from Uganda, benefited from Leonard Cheshire’s Inclusive Education project. After facing barriers to education due to his disabilities and family circumstances, the project provided him with an inclusive learning environment where he could thrive. Emmanuel’s progress in education and his newfound confidence underscore the transformative power of inclusive education.1
- Efita’s Integration: Esther Banda, a teacher in Zambia, witnessed firsthand the impact of inclusive education on Efita, a student with epilepsy and developmental impairments. Initially unsure about Efita’s ability to benefit from mainstream education, Esther, after receiving inclusive teacher training, implemented strategies that significantly improved Efita’s academic performance and social integration. This success story demonstrates how inclusive education not only benefits the individual student but also enriches the teaching experience and classroom dynamics.
The time has indeed come for educational institutions and administrators to fully embrace inclusivity. Schools must recognize that creating an environment conducive to the growth and success of every student, regardless of their learning abilities, is not only beneficial but necessary. This approach fosters a diverse, supportive, and enriching educational atmosphere where all students can thrive. By acknowledging and implementing inclusive practices, schools can ensure that each child, with their unique strengths and challenges, has the opportunity to succeed and contribute to a vibrant and inclusive community.
Guiding Lights: The Role of Parents in Supporting Children with Learning Disabilities
Parents are crucial in supporting children with learning disabilities. Their role goes beyond providing basic needs; they are instrumental in nurturing the emotional, social, and educational development of their child. Here’s how parents can effectively support their children:
- Emotional Support: Parents should create a safe, loving environment where children feel accepted and understood. This involves active listening, empathy, and reassurance.
- Fostering Resilience: Teaching children to face challenges and setbacks with a positive attitude is vital. Parents can model resilience and encourage persistence, helping children to develop a ‘growth mindset.’
- Advocacy: Parents should advocate for their child’s needs in school and other settings, ensuring they receive appropriate support and accommodations.
- Educational Involvement: Being involved in their child’s education, understanding their learning needs, and working collaboratively with teachers and therapists can significantly impact the child’s progress.
- Consistency and Routine: Establishing a consistent routine at home can help children with learning disabilities feel more secure and improve their ability to focus and learn.
- Encouraging Interests and Strengths: Focusing on the child’s strengths and interests can boost their confidence and motivation.
By playing an active and empathetic role, parents can significantly influence their child’s development and help them to reach their full potential.
Empowering Tools: Resources for Nurturing Children with Learning Disabilities in India
For parents and caregivers in India, there are several practical tools and resources available to aid children with learning disabilities. These resources can be instrumental in supporting their educational journey:
- Educational Strategies and Approaches:
- Continuous teacher training focused on teaching children with Learning Disabilities using a multisensorial approach.
- Smaller class sizes (student-teacher ratio no more than 12:1) to ensure equal attention and opportunities for all students.
- Breaking down the curriculum into smaller units to prevent overwhelming students.
- Continuous and incremental assessments using digital tools, oral evaluations, and multiple-choice questions.
- Emphasis on practical training and experiential learning such as field trips, experiments, and hands-on training.
- Remedial education integrated into school programs to address learning lags with tailored teaching methods.
- Specialized Educational Apps:
- Writing Wizard for Kids: Helps children struggling with handwriting through engaging features and interactive games.
- Reading Machine: Designed for children with dyslexia, offering text-to-speech and phonics support.
- Rainbow Sentences: Assists in sentence construction with color-coded words and text-to-speech features.
- ModMath: Aids children with dyslexia and dysgraphia in learning math, using a custom keypad and digital graph paper.
- MyTalkTools Mobile: An AAC app for children with communication difficulties, allowing expression through words, sounds, and images.
- Autism Timer: A planning app for children with autism, helping improve organization and planning skills.
- Support and Counselling Services:
- Occupational and speech therapy availability in schools.
- Counselling for all students, not just those with learning difficulties, to create an inclusive and empathetic learning environment.
- Mental health programs focusing on building self-esteem and motivation.
- Community sensitization and training on empathy, inclusivity, and compassion.
These tools and strategies are tailored to meet the diverse needs of children with learning disabilities, ensuring they receive the support necessary for their growth and development. By utilizing these resources, parents and educators can create a more inclusive and supportive learning environment.
Fostering understanding and acceptance of learning disabilities in society is vital. In India, several legal rights and educational policies 2 support this endeavour:
- Right of Persons with Disability Act, 2016: This act defines inclusive education as a system where students with and without disabilities learn together, with teaching adapted to meet diverse needs.
- Inclusive Education Progression in India: Historically, inclusivity has been a part of Indian education, with ancient texts and practices emphasizing specialized education based on individual needs. Post-independence, India has increasingly focused on the rehabilitation, education, and social equality of persons with disabilities.
- Sustainable Development Goals and National Education Policy: The UN’s SDGs emphasize inclusive and equitable quality education. India’s National Education Policy 2020 endorses inclusive education and recommends increased investment in educational infrastructure.
- Legislative Initiatives: The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan focuses on universal elementary education, including children with disabilities, under a no-rejection policy. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, ensures education for all children, including those with disabilities.
- Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan 2.0: Launched in 2021, this initiative aims to provide inclusive education with increased allocation for Children with Special Needs and stipends for girls with special needs.
These laws and policies are crucial for creating an inclusive educational environment in India, ensuring children with learning disabilities receive the support and opportunities they need to thrive.
The Swethaa’s Journey of Resilience and Triumph
Neha’s journey at SAI International School in Bhubaneswar stands as a beacon of hope and resilience. Her parents, recognizing her struggles with traditional exams due to dyslexia, embarked on a thorough quest for understanding and solutions. They not only consulted with counsellors and organizations but also generously gifted me “Overcoming Dyslexia” by Shally Shaywitz, enriching my perspective as the Principal. This collective effort paved the way for Neha’s incredible academic achievements. She completed her Masters in Management from the University of Liverpool with flying colours and is now pursuing a Master’s in Business Analytics at the University of Dallas, USA, where she scored an impressive A grade in her first semester. Her aspiration to venture into entrepreneurship after her second Master’s degree is a testament to the transformative power of support, understanding, and an empathetic approach in education. Neha’s story is a vivid illustration of how nurturing the unique potential of each student can lead to remarkable successes.
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|Mridangam is a South Indian version of the pakhawaj. It bears a
strong superficial resemblance to pakhawaj but there are major
differences in construction and technique. The tone of the
instrument is quite different. This is due to differences in
The construction of the mridangam is interesting. It has heavy annular membrane around the right side, and a number of pieces of straw which are placed radially between the annular membrane and the main membrane. The right side has a permanent application, known as soru or karanai. The left side uses a mixture of flour and water to provide a proper tone. This application must be removed after each performance. The lacing and heads are all placed upon a barrel shaped wooden shell. The wood is usually of jackwood.
The instrument is usually tuned with a small wooden block and a heavy stone. The block is placed against the rawhide weaving and struck with the stone. The manner of striking may either raise or lower the pitch. It is generally tuned to the tonic of the piece being performed.
The sitting and playing technique is shown below. One sits cross legged with the left foot below and the right foot over and slightly extended. The mridangam rests upon the right foot and ankle. Since the instrument is very heavy it is also cushioned by some rolled up cloth placed at the right foot. The right hand plays the smaller head, while the left hand plays the head with the temporary application of flour.
The mridangam is an indispensable component of the south Indian classical performance. In these performances, the artist plays very intricate patterns to accompany south Indian vocalists, vina, violin, or gottuvadyam players. It is a very demanding art and requires many years to master.
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(World Bank Report) Nicaragua is what many experts call a paradise of renewable energies. The country has extensive geothermic resources––resulting from its large volcanic chain and seismic activity––with excellent exposure to the wind and sun and a variety of water sources.
In terms of energy output, the country has the capacity to generate 5,800 megawatts (MW) annually from clean sources. Currently, however, just over 5% of its renewable potential has been developed.
Paradoxically, Nicaragua was until recently dependent on oil-based products, which were expensive and far from environmentally friendly. This was in addition to limited power lines and one of the highest electricity rates in the region at an average rate of US$ 0.24 per kilowatt/hour.
In 2006, this scenario led the Nicaraguan government to address the need to change its electrical grid. With the government’s openness toward private investment, 58% of the country’s energy is currently produced by renewable sources whereas the remaining 42% comes from oil-based bunker fuel, according to estimates of the Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM).
In the region, Nicaragua is second only to Costa Rica in terms of the share–– 21%––of renewable, non-hydraulic energy in the region. The energy output of its geothermic resources is considered the best in Central America, with estimated potential reserves of 1,500 MW (in addition to the country’s energy system capacity, which is 1,300 MW). However, just 154 MW have been installed by the country’s power plants, Polaris and Momotombo.
What is geothermic energy?
Imagine large water reservoirs hundreds of kilometers deep that come into contact with magma. The resulting steam produced needs to escape, for which reason one can see large columns of steam shooting skyward in some areas.
Geothermic plants channel that steam to generators and when the water cools it returns to the depths. That is why it is an inexhaustible source of clean energy.
According to World Bank experts, geothermal energy can be a relatively inexpensive source of electricity, especially compared with fossil fuels.
“The generation of this type of energy is not only important for its positive effects on the economy, but also for its reduction of GEI emissions by almost 80,000 tons,” said Hasan Tuluy, World Bank vice-president for Latin America and the Caribbean, during a visit to the Polaris plant on October 22.
“This project will mean a savings of $88 million for the country through the reduction in oil imports. We will substitute the bunker fuel consumed in Nicaragua with clean, renewable energy,” said Alejandro Arguello, head of corporate development at Polaris, during the visit.
With the idea that the Polaris power plant in San Jacinto, in León, will supply nearly 20% of Nicaragua’s energy needs, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) partially financed the $450 million, 72MW plant.
Nicaragua is also focusing on another renewable energy source: wind. Huge white windmills erected on wind farms can be seen along many of the country’s roads.
On the banks of Lake Cocibolca, in Rivas, is the country’s third wind plant, Eolo. This month, thanks to a $110 million investment, 22 wind turbines will officially begin operation, providing an additional 44MW of energy to the national network. It is estimated that Eolo will not require any fossil fuel supply.
Source: Nicaragua Dispatch
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Lamar County, Texas
From Ancestry.com Wiki
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Lamar is a county in Texas. It was formed in 1840 (organized 1841) from the following county/ies: Red River. Lamar began keeping birth records in 1903, marriage records in 1841, and death records in 1903. It began keeping land records in 1838, probate records in 1841, and court records in 1863. For more information, contact the county at 119 N. Main St., Paris 75460. On the attached map, Lamar is located at L14.
For information about the state of Texas see Texas Family History Research.
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According to an NIH infographic it is estimated that some 50-70 million Americans suffer from sleep or wakefulness disorders causing nearly $50B in lost productivity and upwards of 5000 car crashes. A related disorder called sleep apnea (temporary cessation of breathing while asleep) affects 12-18 million Americans.
In my practice, I see first-hand the effects of poor sleep on patients who come to me for help resolving this issue. Common side effects of poor sleep include fatigue, depression, and irritability.
A person may have difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. Insomnia may due to pain, neurological disorders, hormonal changes, restless leg syndrome, cortisol imbalances, and emotional factors including stress.
Insomnia &Restless Leg Syndrome
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) is not well understood, but is mainly characterized by an inability to control the legs during wake or sleep. It often presents during sleep hours and can cause a person to sleep restlessly or not at all. It is a relatively uncomfortable, though not life-threatening, condition. Several medications exist to treat RLS including Mirapex (a dopaminergic agent used for Parkinson’s Disease which increases dopamine). There are also several other classes of drugs used to help control this condition. Oftentimes, hip, knee, or lower leg surgery can exacerbate RLS symptoms.
Acupuncture can be very helpful in this condition for its ability to regulate the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system (rest & digest). Specifically acupuncture points on the head as well as points on around the affects limb(s) can have a regulatory effect (calming) on the peripheral nerves of the legs and increase blood flow to the periphery thereby improving circulation.
Insomnia & Menopause
This is one of the most common symptoms of menopause. It should be determined if the waking is being caused by night sweats or other reasons. Commonly, waking occurs between 1-3 AM is characterized by a difficulty to fall back asleep. In this case, the underlying causes of menopause should be addressed. Acupuncture may be helpful in regulating hormonal imbalances, but usually some form of herbal intervention is required to regulate sleep cycles.
Insomnia and Cortisol Imbalance: The Circadian Release of Cortisol
Cortisol is released in a specific pattern during a 24-hour period in order to unlock sugar stores in the body to feed the brain. Since sleeping is a fasting state, cortisol is at its highest in the morning as the body depletes its sources of sugar (glucose) during the night. Over the day, cortisol level naturally dip and in the evening melatonin kicks in causing us to feel sleepy.
This is a relatively complicated process, but to simplify, you can look at an imbalance here in two ways. Usually patients exhibiting a stress response (elevated cortisol) will have spikes in the late evening when cortisol should be low and those that have adrenal exhaustion will have depressed cortisol in the morning when it should be high (source: Datis Kharazian, Func. Blood Chem Analysis, 2009). In both cases, supplementation with the right dietary supplements should be able to rectify the situation. Lifestyle, diet, and counseling can help significantly as well.
Insomnia & Stress
This type of sleeplessness is usually acute and the stressor is easily identifiable. Oftentimes there is stress associate with the workplace or family. When this stress becomes too acute, the mind becomes restless and attempts to ‘mentally process’ the situation to resolve it.
INSOMNIA FROM A CHINESE MEDICINE PERSPECTIVE
Chinese medicine looks at insomnia primarily as a heart or kidney disorder. It’s important to understand that this does not mean that there is actual problem the heart or kidney organs. Below are a couple of TCM patterns associated with insomnia.
Kidney Yin Deficiency Kidney
Yin deficiency refers primarily to a depletion of one aspect of the kidneys (yin) and is associated with dehydration on a deeper level than just the amount of water in the system. It results from many years of menstruating (in the case of women) and from overwork (in both men and women) and from the normal aging process. Kidney yin deficiency can also be a primary diagnosis for the symptoms of menopause. Because yin is ‘cooling’, a depletion of yin can be associated with over-heating (hot flashes & night sweats), which will manifest especially at night.
Heart Qi Deficiency
This refers to a primary weakness in the heart energy and is often associated with lack of a restful sleep. A person with this pattern will also wake fatigued, even after a good night’s sleep.
Heart Blood Deficiency
This type of insomnia is characterized by a difficulty in falling asleep whereby the body does not have sufficient resources to keep the mind settled in the heart. So the mind wanders and a person will have difficulty falling asleep. While this metaphor is foreign to most Westerners, it can be better understood by thinking about an over-tired child that can’t sleep because he or she missed her midday nap.
AN URGENT MATTER
Chronic sleep issues can have significant consequences for your health and have been associated with a growing number of health conditions including obesity, heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and high blood pressure. While temporary use of medications to help sleep may be warranted, it’s critical to identify and address the underlying cause of your sleeplessness.
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While most children have "learned to read" by age eight, they are still building confidence in their fluency, vocabulary and reading comprehension skills as they grow into strong readers. Create a playful reading atmosphere at home by encouraging your child's curiosity about books and the world around them. Your example and interest in them will leave a lasting impression.
Literacy Helping Your Eight-Year-Old Become a Reader
Simple and fun ways to help your child build reading skills:
Reading Fort Day!
Kids love tearing the living room apart and turning it into a cozy fort of their own making. Spend a weekend or holiday creating the coolest fort you can and declare it the reading fort. No need to buy anything, just use pillows, sheets and blankets you have around. But in order to sit inside, you have to be looking at (or listening to) a book! This simple activity can make reading a special adventure.
Arthur and his friends each want different decorations for their treehouse. Your child can help design each treehouse by picking interior and exterior design elements to match the characters' requests.Play This Game
Find Funny Books
Kids like to read funny books! A whopping 70 percent of kids say they want books that make them laugh, according to Scholastic's Kids and Family Reading Report. Check out this list of fifteen books to get the whole family giggling.
Comic Strip Capers!
WordGirl is fighting villians in these fun comic strips. Your child can choose the words to create his or her own comic strip story and help WordGirl defeat these troublesome characters.Play This Game
Follow Their Interests
Your child's interests can be the hook to dive into reading. If dinosaurs excite your child's imagination, look for short online videos about dinosaurs, take a virtual tour of a natural history museum, check out dinosaur books from the library, read dinosaur facts together and let your child share what she's learned with Grandma the next time they talk or visit. On the flip side, let a favorite book lead to a special activity: if your child reads a book about butterflies, find a caterpillar and watch it grow into a butterfly. If your child likes a book about trains, arrange to ride a train or visit a train station.
Your child can help Special Agent Jack Bowzer fill in the missing words in the sentence to crack the code.Play This Game
Read to Your Child
Reading aloud to kids is "the single most important activity for building knowledge for their eventual success in reading," according to a landmark study. When kids sit next to a caring adult and hear engaging stories, they develop positive associations with books and build their vocabulary and comprehension skills. For helpful hints about how to make the most out of read-aloud time, click here.
Sunflower Biscuit Bones
In this interactive book, your child can learn how to follow a recipe and use measurement skills to bake bone shaped dog treats.Play This Game
Be a Role Model
Finally, don't forget to be a reader and writer yourself. One of the most effective ways to help children become readers and writers is to show them through your own example that you value literacy — and that reading and writing have useful purposes. Keep books and writing materials in the home, and talk to your child about what you are doing when you read and write.
Craft Peg’s Writing Twig
Building a fun writing utensil can make writing and solving problems more fun. Follow these steps to make your own writing twig.Do This Activity
Keep Books in Easy Reach
Make it easy for your child to explore books. Keep a basket of books at kid level or in a "book bag" in the car for kids to flip through on rides. Place a couple of books at the foot of the bed for your child to look at first thing in the morning. Make a small reading corner or nook for your child — something as simple as a few pillows, soft blanket and a stack of library books. In other words, make books an ordinary and essential fixture in your home.
Getting To The Game
Your child can follow along as Martha reads about different ways to travel and learn about how different forms of transportation work.Play This Game
Connect Books to Real Life
Skilled readers make connections between what they read in books and the world around them. When you read books with your child, look for connection points.
- That character reminds me of your Uncle Juan! They both love telling funny stories.
- She's sure a picky eater — just like your little brother.
- He's afraid there's a monster under his bed. When I was little, I used to think a monster lived in the washing machine because it made loud noises when my mom turned it on!
- Oh, they are going to the hospital. Do you remember when you went to the hospital to get stitches?
Taking a trip to the grocery store can provide many opportunities for your child to practice math, literacy, and science skills. In this activity, your child can help pick out vegetables at the store and then sprout some vegetables at home.Do This Activity
Get Your Child a Library Card
Stocking your home with kid-friendly books doesn't take a lot of money — just some trips to the library. Take a walk around the library with your child and look at the book collections. In the children's section, read the signs on the shelves. Look for words like "fiction," "nonfiction" and "biography" and help your child discover what a few of these words mean. Check out the children's programs and special events your library offers.
Your child can build self-confidence, reading, and performance skills as she uses printables and props to perform the play "D.W. Gets Her Library Card."Do This Activity
Don't Forget Comic Books and Graphic Novels
Lots of kids love comic books because they often have exciting plots, and they combine pictures and text in a way that is accessible to many different levels of readers. Graphic novels are similar to comic books in that visuals are used to guide the story, adding text only to fill the gaps. Not familiar with this genre? Explore this list of kid-friendly graphic novels by Reading Rockets.
WordGirl needs to stop the Butcher from stealing from the museum. Your child will learn new words while reading this wacky comic book adventure.Play This Game
Raise a Reader with Martha Speaks
Martha is an honest, smart, confident dog who loves to eat -- and talk! Through stories and games, Martha and her friends help your child learn new words and begin to understand what those words mean.Find Activities
Activity Finder: Learn With Your Eight-Year-Old
ActivitiesView All Activities
Find the Ugly Duckling
Using words from the Ugly Duckling story, you can make a customized word search to help your child practice identifying letters and reading words.
AppsView All Apps
Martha Speaks Word Spinner
Help your child build storytelling and oral vocabulary skills while playing six interactive mini-games with the whole family.
GamesView All Games
VideosView All Videos
WordGirl's Robot Buddy
Word Girl has to team up with Tobey to defeat the Coach! But first she has to explain the word "CACKLE" when she hears his evil laugh.
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A star is hurtling towards our solar system and could knock millions of asteroids straight towards Earth
Researchers have known for a while that a star called Gliese 710 is headed straight for our solar system, but they’ve now worked out precisely when it should arrive.
The star is currently hurtling through space at about 32,000 mph, and is around 64 lightyears away. (One lightyear is around 5,878,000,000,000 miles.) – READ MORE
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The 5 cards given to the first player must contain two cards of the same suit. Of these, one must be six or less greater than the other, wrapping around from K to A to 2. For example, suppose that there are two spades, the 5 and the J. The spades which are six or less greater than the J are the Q, K, A, 2, 3 and 4, and the 5 is not among these; but the spades which are six or less greater than the 5 are the 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and J, and the J is among these. Thus of the two spades, the J is the one which is six or less greater than the 5.
- placed in one of the following orders
- 1 LMH 2 MLH 3 LHM 4 HLM 5 MHL 6 HML
thus in the example, he would place them in the order HML, since the J of spades is 6 greater than the 5.
When the second player returns to the room, he knows that the hidden card is of the same suit as the leftmost card, and he adds to the rank of this card the number 1 to 6 corresponding to the permutation of the remaining three cards, thus identifying the hidden card uniquely. In the example, the second player sees
and since HML corresponds to 6, he adds 6 to the 5 of spades to get the J of spades.
Of course, the first player may have more than one choice, since there might be three cards of the same suit, or two cards each of two different suits, but he simply chooses one pair of cards of the same suit, and the fact that there are other choices is irrelevant.
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