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Public Web Sites with Free Referrals - No Registration Required
www.optometrists.org - www.children-special-needs.org - www.visiontherapy.org
Choosing An Eye Doctor
by Patricia S. Lemer, M.Ed., NCC
Executive Director, Developmental Delay Resources
...Pediatric Developmental Optometrist or Pediatric Ophthalmologist?
A parent recently asked why I recommend that her child be examined by a pediatric optometrist rather than a pediatric ophthalmologist. The answer comes from my understanding of these two types of eye doctors and my personal experience.
Both types of eye doctors examine and prescribe glasses, diagnose and treat eye disease, and can evaluate how well a person uses the eyes together. However, each profession is unique.
Ophthalmologists are trained to do surgery. I credit one with saving the eyesight of my daughter, who at age five sustained an eye injury. Optometrists are schooled in the developmental (behavioral, functional or environmental) aspects of vision. Optometrists are more apt to use lenses, prisms and Vision Therapy to enhance and improve visual function. These interventions often improve children's academic and other abilities.
Making the Right Choice
Scientific evidence indicates that interventions such as Vision Therapy, used by behavioral optometrists, work. If your child has developmental delays of any kind, choose to have all aspects of vision evaluated. The Find Pediatric Eye Doctor
can help you locate eye care professionals qualified to evaluate even the most difficult, non-verbal children.
The American Optometric Association publishes a monograph, The Efficacy of Optometric Vision Therapy, containing 238 references; it is available free of charge from the Developmental Delay Resources
End of this excerpted quote by Patricia S. Lemer, M.Ed., NCC
Excerpts from the book:
Buzzards to Bluebirds: Improve Your Child's Learning and Behavior in Six Weeks
by Educators, Allen and Virginia Crane
Pediatric Optometrist or Pediatric Ophthalmologist?
"The emphasis of ophthalmology is eye disease and eye surgery; this is their domain, their area of expertise. Dr. Malcolm L. Mazow, an opthalmologist, wrote in the discussion section of his paper "Acute Accommodative and Convergence Insufficiency,"1
"My impression is that many ophthalmologists handle this disorder poorly and many of the patients end up under the care of optometrists." Another opthalmologist, Dr. David L. Guyton, in the same article said, "I agree with Dr. Mazow
we have probably abdicated the study of accommodation and convergence to the optometric profession. A perusal of the literature will reveal that most of the advances in this area are being made in the optometric institutions by vision scientists who use definitions and terms with which we are not even familiar."
All optometrists are thoroughly trained to detect eye disease, examine binocular vision and convergence, and perform refraction (the fitting of eye glasses and contact lenses). Beyond that, in postdoctoral study, optometrists learn one or more specialites. Some specialize in contact lenses, some in geriatrics, some in functional vision, some in sports vision. Specialists in behavioral optometry or developmental optometry treat individuals with developmental or functional vision problems. Specialists in neuro-optometric Vision Therapy or rehabilitation work with individuals who have visual disturbances with neurological causes, (i.e., birth trauma, brain damage, head trauma).
When unable to detect a vision problem quickly, the non-functional vision specialists may suggest that your child be referred to a psychologist or psychiatrist to explain your child's symptoms. Remember that if your child develops symptoms during reading, this indicates a vision problem. Your child does not require a psychologist or psychiatrist.
Be sure to screen vision specialists to find an optometrist who will do the comprehensive testing you require and will be able to give the assistance you need to correct any vision problems. Free and immediate referrals to specialists in behavioral optometry or developmental optometry can be obtained by filling out a form at the Find Pediatric Eye Doctor
End of excerpt: Buzzards to Bluebirds: Improve Your Child's Learning and Behavior in Six Weeks
Additional excerpted writings:
Patricia S. Lemer, M.Ed., NCC
Executive Director, Developmental Delay Resources
Eyesight vs. Vision
Eyesight and vision are not synonymous. Eyesight is the sharpness of the image seen by the eye. Vision is the ability to focus on and comprehend that which is seen. Research has shown that while most children with special needs do not have eyesight problems, many have visual dysfunction. If a child has motor delays, vestibular difficulties, or health problems, vision is often compromised.
The American Optometric Association (AOA) recommends that children have vision examinations by six months. A good eye doctor can test many aspects of function at this young age and quickly effect changes with intervention.
Most school vision screenings check only eyesight, and only at twenty feet, not at reading distance. They rarely tell us whether a child has a clear image at nearpoint or how the eyes work together. The only information they provide is whether a child can see the blackboard. Many vision problems thus go undetected when parents have false security and brag, "My kid's eyes are 20/20!"
Vision is Learned
Vision, like reading, mathematics, and language, is learned. Giving meaning to what is seen begins at birth. In the developmental hierarchy, infants move without purpose, while their eyes learn how to work as a team, to sustain focus. Toddlers use movement to drive vision, such as shaking a rattle for its sound before looking at it. Finally, children can visualize without movement. Thus, for children to be successful in school, vision must purposefully direct their actions.
Vision Lays the Foundation for Language & Relationships
Vision plays a major role in language and social-emotional development. Children with language delays, attention deficits, pervasive developmental disorders and autism all have inefficient visual systems. If a toddler is not speaking or relating to others, a vision evaluation is essential.
A developmental optometrist can prescribe therapeutic and pleasurable activities to be done at home, during floor time, occupational and language therapy, or at day care. Combining the visual system with touch, movement, audition and social experiences benefits all areas. Begin Where They Are, a workbook designed by vision therapists and available through the DDR, has good ideas for pre-verbal children and toddlers.
The Developmental Delay Resources is a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to educate parents and professionals supporting children with developmental delays about healthy options for treating the whole child.
End of excerpt: Patricia S. Lemer, M.Ed., NCC
Additional excerpted writings: Buzzards to Bluebirds: Improve Your Child's Learning and Behavior in Six Weeks
by Educators, Allen and Virginia Crane
Hypophoria, Hypertropia, Hyper, Vertical Misalignment
The authors, Allen and Virginia Crane, believe that the most overlooked problem in vision is vertical misalignment: wherein one eye aims higher than the other (sometimes one eye is actually placed physically higher than the other in the child's face); technically termed hypophoria or hypertropia or simply "hyper." The established allowable norm used by many eye doctors is two diopters (a unit that expresses the power of a lens).2
This means that one eye may normally aim about 1/4 inch lower at reading distance than the other eye. This is a large amount. In comparison, behavioral optometrists use 1/2 diopter as the allowable norm.
Sample of the difference 1/2 diopter can make.
In some cases, 1/4 of a diopter can prevent a child from learning the alphabet and reading properly because of all the extra effort required to keep a clear image. The child can do this for only a short period of time and comprehension can be poor. The eyes can keep good alignment only for a short time and then must be rested. This can explain why many children are labeled as having a short attention span, being hyperactive or having attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ad/hd, adhd, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Actually, many are resting their eyes, an involuntary physical need. A vertical alignment problem is easier to correct than to diagnose. During our research, we found that only behavioral optometrists diagnosed and corrected vertical problems directly.
In our experience, directly training vertical alignment at the beginning of vision training activities shortens the total time required to eliminate visual symptoms.
Note that a behavioral optometrist may correct vertical alignment problems by including the proper amount of prism in glasses to compensate for the problem (prismatic lenses or prism lenses). These doctors use several methods to determine the prism correction necessary. One technique is patching one eye for up to forty-eight hours, then remeasuring the vertical alignment. A second technique is a fixation disparity test which takes special equipment and about twenty minutes.3
A series of prisms is used and a vertical alignment curve plotted to determine the amount of prism needed.4
In order to locate an eye doctor who has the competence and knowledge to help you, search through the Referral Directory: Find a Pediatric Eye Doctor
. These eye doctors have passed extensive written and oral examinations by certifications boards in behavioral optometry. If there is no eye doctor listed in your community, contact the nearest Fellow listed in the Directory and ask for more information regarding a qualified person in your area.
Malzow, M.L.; France, T.D.; Finkleman, S.; Frank, P.; Jenkins, P. "Acute Accommodative and Convergence Insufficiency," Tr. Amer. Opth. Soc., Vol LXXXVIII, 1989.
Boorish, I.M. Clinical Refraction, 3rd edition, Chicago, IL: The Professional Press, Inc., 1970. p. 869.
Scheinman, M.; Wick, B.,
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The Bangladesh War of 1971—in which up to 3 million people were killed, and hundreds of thousands of women raped—seemingly has its roots in strange cartography. As University of Chicago professor Rochona Majumdar puts it, the 1947 Partition between India and Pakistan was geographically “very weird,” with the nation of Pakistan split into two noncontiguous land masses. Mapped to the west of India was West Pakistan, the largest ethnic group of which comprised Punjabis (mostly in the western part of the now divided Punjab, the eastern part of which lay in India), but also Pakhtuni-, Balochi-, and Sindhi-speaking peoples, who largely spoke and/or understood Urdu, a language rooted in India’s United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). The eastern “wing” of the country, East Pakistan—later Bangladesh—was on the other side of India, largely Bengali-speaking with ties to India’s Bengal. As the BBC points out, the provinces were separated by “more than 1,500 km of Indian territory,” or 932 miles. From the beginning, the state was carved into separate sociolinguistic regions.
Adding to the strain was the fact that the Pakistani army was drawn largely from the Punjabis and Pukhtoons of West Pakistan. Although statistically there were more Bengali than Urdu speakers in the nation, Bengali speakers from the East were poorly represented. This became especially divisive during early periods of military rule.
Just two years after the creation of Pakistan, a group called the Awami League was formed in an effort to petition for East Pakistan’s autonomy. At the end of 1970, the League won in a landslide election in East Pakistan—the first election in Pakistan’s history in which voters could directly choose members of the National Assembly. Though the victory meant the League would control the government, the government in West Pakistan refused to acknowledge the results. Rioting ensued.
In 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (called Mujib), leader of the Awami League, declared independence and renamed East Pakistan “Bangladesh.” Talks between leaders failed to bring reconciliation; on March 23, 1971, East Pakistan, at the direction of Mujib, celebrated “Resistance Day” instead of the national “Republic Day.” Mujib was later arrested and moved to West Pakistan. Soon after, Pakistan began Operation Searchlight, its violent crackdown on Bangladesh. The fighting lasted nine months. India, which took in up to 10 million refugees from East Pakistan/Bangladesh, aided the rebels in their fight against Pakistan.
In December of 1971, Bangladeshi “freedom fighters,” with the help of Indian military forces, defeated Pakistan’s soldiers.
Human Rights Watch estimated that Pakistani forces killed up to 3 million people, though the Pakistani government sets that number much lower, at about 26,000. Hundreds of thousands of women and young girls were raped, though estimates on sexualized violence vary greatly as well. However, as Yasmin Saikia, chair of Peace Studies at Arizona State University's Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict and author of several books about the Indian subcontinent, explains, the 1971 war must be viewed in the context of longer-term conflict in the region. Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, she says, all committed profound acts of violence between the late 1940s and early 1970s.
How Sexualized Violence Is Used as a Weapon of War
To break up families and communities: Many families did not accept women and young girls after they returned home from rape camps and other sites of abuse. Children of rape were rarely accepted, either. As a result of being rejected, many women committed suicide. As Bangladesh’s Daily Star reports, others “fled to Pakistan with their Pakistani captors rather than face what awaited them in Bangladeshi society.” It’s likely that the military had this effect in mind when systematically attacking women and girls. (See also “Witness.”)
To wield power: Food rations were withheld from women and young girls in rape camps until they acquiesced each day to repeated sexual assault.
To humiliate: Rape survivors, though called “war heroines” by the government, were stigmatized and made to feel ashamed of their ordeals. One survivor says she and others stayed with the soldiers who’d hurt them because of how palpable the rejection was by Bangladeshi men. Many women, shunned by their communities, fled to other towns or committed suicide. Again, this was likely no surprise to the military officials who encouraged soldiers to rape. Women and nation were viewed as related concepts, rendering women during nationalist fights prime targets of attack, says Rochona Majumda.
Patterns of Violence
- Rape camps: Thousands of Bengali women were abducted and held by force in barracks, where they were raped night after night for months. According to Susan Brownmiller, author of a groundbreaking 1975 book on rape, captive women and young girls were raped by anywhere from two to 80 men a night. Browmiller writes that Khadiga, a 13-year-old survivor interviewed in an abortion clinic by a female photojournalist, was at first “gagged to keep from screaming during attacks.” But as months passed and “the captives’ spirit was broken, the soldiers devised a simple quid pro quo. They withheld the daily ration of food until the girls had submitted to the full quota.” One survivor Arizona State University professor Yasmin Saikia interviewed stated that when her fellow captives died due to continuous torture, she and the other women were forced to dig graves and bury their peers. Brownmiller relays the words of an Indian reporter who writes that pornographic movies were shown to soldiers “in an obvious attempt to work the men up.”
- Brownmiller reports that women of all ages were sexually assaulted, from young girls to 75-year-old grandmothers.
- Mass rape followed by mass murder: According to interviews with survivors, young girls were “strapped to green banana trees and repeatedly gang-raped. A few weeks later, they were strapped to the same trees and hacked to death.” Women were often left in mass graves.
- Gender-based mutilation: Women’s bodies found in mass graves often had their breasts cut off.
In the span of just nine months, the Bangladeshi government estimates, 200,000 women and girls were raped. Even more staggering numbers have been suggested elsewhere. A 1973 article in the New York Times Magazine quotes the chair of the National Board of Bangladesh Women’s Rehabilitation Program—the organization formed to help survivors: “Dr. [Geoffrey] Davis of the International Planned Parenthood Federation who traveled all over Bangladesh,” the chair reports, “estimates that at least 400,000 women were ravished by the Pakistanis.”
A 2009 Human Rights Watch report states that rape occurred on a “large but undetermined scale (figures of 200,000 to 400,000 victims are often mentioned in the literature, though some scholars claim that these figures are seriously inflated).” Controversial scholarship from Indian scholar Sarmila Bose, who published a journal article that appeared to downplay rape as well as a book about the 1971 war, sparked a backlash from other scholars on Bangladesh.
As always, the incidence of sexualized violence is not easy to calculate. In Bangladesh, however, where stigma and social exclusion for rape survivors was quite brutal following the war, numbers may be especially difficult to determine.
Cultural Gender Attitudes
University of Chicago historian Rochona Majumdar explains that in the Indian subcontinent, there is a deeply held concept of the nation as mother, and women as mothers of the nation. This notion became even stronger during periods of nationalism. Majumdar believes that this is a mindset that especially leads to violence against women—their wombs, breasts, and other symbols of maternity. As recently as 2002, she says, during a riot in the Indian state of Gujarat, “pregnant women’s wombs were pulled out.”
Although women participated somewhat heavily during moments of nationalism in the region’s history, they are still encumbered by gender roles, says Majumdar. “They come out of the house, they are out on the street, but they’re out on the street as wives and sisters and mothers.”
Although women were being educated in large numbers, she adds, marriage and motherhood were still considered the most important goals for women.
Saleha Begum, interviewed for a September 2011 story in Women’s eNews, was part of a group of women that was repeatedly gang raped, and later shot. She described being rescued from a pile of dead bodies by a Bangladeshi “freedom fighter,” only to then endure abuse as a rape survivor:
Begum said her captors—Pakistani Army soldiers known as the “Khans”—had bound the women to green banana trees, and “burned our faces and bodies with cigarettes. My body was swollen, I could barely move," she said. Between being raped, she was given some bread or a few fried vegetables, she said.
Another survivor tells of how the rejection from her community was so strong that she and other captives preferred to stay with their rapists after being rescued, rather than face being shamed:
"We went with them voluntarily because when we were being pulled out from the bunkers by the Indian soldiers, some of us half-clad, others half-dead, the hatred and deceit I saw in the eyes of our countrymen standing by, I could not raise my eyes a second time. They were throwing various dirty words at us ... I did not imagine that we would be subjected to so much hatred
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320,
62895,
304,
279,
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949,
315,
279,
1431,
17779,
59317,
11,
279,
23149,
949,
315,
892,
10962,
304,
6747,
701,
714,
1083,
13358,
426,
15705,
36519,
19420,
4953,
72,
36519,
323,
96681,
6023,
61190,
31438,
11,
879,
13771,
12290,
323,
5144,
15985,
93335,
11,
264,
4128,
40876,
304,
6747,
748,
3639,
1298,
78565,
320,
3328,
85673,
42358,
568,
576,
23149,
1036,
23593,
854,
315,
279,
3146,
11,
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38501,
2293,
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389,
279,
1008,
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315,
6747,
11,
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25250,
7956,
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448,
19818,
311,
6747,
748,
49020,
13,
1634,
279,
18096,
3501,
700,
11,
279,
39921,
1033,
18663,
553,
1036,
6384,
1091,
220,
16,
11,
20,
15,
15,
13136,
315,
7748,
17971,
2419,
476,
220,
24,
18,
17,
8756,
13,
5542,
279,
7167,
11,
279,
1584,
572,
48167,
1119,
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15610,
337,
12810,
4532,
13604,
624,
32308,
311,
279,
25716,
572,
279,
2097,
429,
279,
44452,
13390,
572,
14764,
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504,
279,
30436,
73,
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323,
393,
3101,
426,
28539,
315,
4312,
16663,
13,
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1052,
1033,
803,
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21326,
304,
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6995,
11,
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7956,
21326,
504,
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30455,
15251,
13,
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5310,
74135,
2337,
4124,
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5912,
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1378,
1635,
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9688,
315,
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264,
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2598,
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17889,
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572,
14122,
304,
458,
5041,
311,
20361,
369,
6326,
16663,
748,
50260,
13,
2411,
279,
835,
315,
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16,
24,
22,
15,
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279,
8953,
2765,
304,
264,
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304,
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21677,
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3840,
304,
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1410,
5961,
5157,
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315,
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5055,
11738,
13,
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12560,
8791,
279,
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2524,
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279,
3033,
304,
4312,
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13,
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624,
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16,
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17889,
10606,
8953,
11,
14275,
23665,
323,
27280,
6326,
16663,
1036,
62819,
34121,
1987,
80447,
1948,
6036,
4641,
311,
4446,
57655,
26,
389,
5470,
220,
17,
18,
11,
220,
16,
24,
22,
16,
11,
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11,
518,
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11,
27185,
1036,
88077,
6059,
854,
4518,
315,
279,
5313,
1036,
38863,
6059,
1987,
57236,
579,
572,
2937,
12517,
323,
7726,
311,
4312,
16663,
13,
31762,
1283,
11,
16663,
6009,
16730,
7542,
4145,
11,
1181,
16401,
58133,
389,
38501,
13,
576,
10805,
35413,
11627,
3951,
13,
6747,
11,
892,
3867,
304,
705,
311,
220,
16,
15,
3526,
21728,
504,
6326,
16663,
16276,
524,
34121,
11,
62857,
279,
35623,
304,
862,
4367,
2348,
16663,
624,
641,
6652,
315,
220,
16,
24,
22,
16,
11,
16914,
75,
3452,
6023,
1036,
24716,
8769,
23202,
2419,
448,
279,
1492,
315,
7748,
6277,
8437,
11,
23283,
16663,
748,
14856,
624,
33975,
10512,
10357,
12943,
429,
44452,
8437,
7425,
705,
311,
220,
18,
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1251,
11,
3498,
279,
44452,
3033,
7289,
429,
1372,
1753,
4722,
11,
518,
911,
220,
17,
21,
11,
15,
15,
15,
13,
72336,
315,
9037,
315,
3198,
323,
3908,
7571,
1033,
39377,
11,
3498,
17530,
389,
7244,
1506,
9170,
13289,
18875,
438,
1632,
13,
4354,
11,
438,
69928,
1065,
15854,
1579,
685,
11,
10496,
315,
25803,
18720,
518,
16938,
3234,
3822,
594,
5832,
369,
279,
19173,
315,
43093,
323,
58585,
323,
3150,
315,
3807,
6467,
911,
279,
7748,
1186,
74595,
11,
14758,
11,
279,
220,
16,
24,
22,
16,
4116,
1969,
387,
19334,
304,
279,
2266,
315,
5021,
9663,
12055,
304,
279,
5537,
13,
26642,
11228,
6747,
11,
16663,
11,
323,
38501,
11,
1340,
2727,
11,
678,
11163,
27155,
14056,
315,
9170,
1948,
279,
3309,
220,
16,
24,
19,
15,
82,
323,
4124,
220,
16,
24,
22,
15,
82,
624,
4340,
38667,
1506,
46632,
2160,
12199,
438,
264,
27777,
315,
5004,
198,
1249,
1438,
705,
8521,
323,
10744,
25,
8999,
8521,
1521,
537,
4193,
3198,
323,
3908,
7571,
1283,
807,
5927,
2114,
504,
16781,
28035,
323,
1008,
6594,
315,
11480,
13,
15044,
315,
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1033,
18521,
11666,
11,
2987,
13,
1634,
264,
1102,
315,
1660,
17551,
11,
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3198,
11163,
18144,
13,
1634,
38501,
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6682,
11,
3800,
1036,
69,
832,
311,
16663,
448,
862,
44452,
6427,
1087,
4751,
1091,
3579,
1128,
78478,
1105,
304,
16914,
75,
3452,
6023,
8232,
1987,
1084,
748,
4363,
429,
279,
6277,
1030,
419,
2456,
304,
3971,
979,
59726,
22818,
3198,
323,
7571,
13,
320,
9830,
1083,
1036,
98413,
1987,
340,
1249,
41845,
2355,
25,
12098,
435,
804,
1033,
76003,
504,
3198,
323,
3908,
7571,
304,
16781,
28035,
3080,
807,
19274,
550,
1998,
1817,
1899,
311,
11504,
7244,
11703,
624,
1249,
2784,
34850,
25,
52605,
31596,
11,
3498,
2598,
1036,
11455,
11821,
1543,
854,
553,
279,
3033,
11,
1033,
357,
97571,
1506,
323,
1865,
311,
2666,
50875,
315,
862,
476,
450,
1127,
13,
3776,
48648,
2727,
1340,
323,
3800,
19613,
448,
279,
14856,
879,
6925,
12898,
1105,
1576,
315,
1246,
74549,
480,
279,
36901,
572,
553,
16914,
75,
3452,
6023,
2953,
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557,
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553,
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11,
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476,
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13,
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11,
419,
572,
4363,
902,
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311,
279,
6277,
7359,
879,
20548,
14856,
311,
16781,
13,
10973,
323,
6995,
1033,
19334,
438,
5435,
18940,
11,
20898,
3198,
2337,
51894,
27433,
10250,
11550,
315,
3359,
11,
2727,
35869,
6721,
30679,
372,
3235,
624,
57656,
315,
46632,
198,
12,
52605,
28035,
25,
62194,
315,
25250,
7956,
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1033,
83445,
323,
5644,
553,
5344,
304,
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11,
1380,
807,
1033,
39377,
3729,
1283,
3729,
369,
3951,
13,
10548,
311,
29933,
10471,
76,
15252,
11,
3150,
315,
264,
63855,
220,
16,
24,
22,
20,
2311,
389,
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11,
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323,
3908,
7571,
1033,
39377,
553,
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504,
1378,
311,
220,
23,
15,
2953,
264,
3729,
13,
28377,
76,
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13914,
429,
20165,
329,
16551,
11,
264,
220,
16,
18,
4666,
6284,
48648,
29047,
304,
458,
20107,
27813,
553,
264,
8778,
6548,
42518,
380,
11,
572,
518,
1156,
1036,
70,
96476,
311,
2506,
504,
34001,
2337,
8776,
1987,
1988,
438,
3951,
5823,
323,
1036,
1782,
6427,
1886,
527,
8913,
572,
10865,
11,
279,
14856,
68020,
264,
4285,
922,
307,
462,
40508,
13,
2379,
76003,
279,
7298,
65801,
315,
3607,
3080,
279,
7571,
1030,
14634,
311,
279,
2480,
42042,
1987,
3776,
48648,
16938,
3234,
3822,
14227,
69928,
1065,
15854,
1579,
685,
29047,
10982,
429,
979,
1059,
12357,
6427,
1886,
8469,
4152,
311,
19259,
29567,
11,
1340,
323,
279,
1008,
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1033,
9575,
311,
4078,
61181,
323,
55344,
862,
25029,
13,
10471,
76,
15252,
1351,
942,
279,
4244,
315,
458,
7748,
18960,
879,
13914,
429,
3480,
12679,
9508,
1033,
6839,
311,
14856,
1036,
258,
458,
8036,
4774,
311,
975,
279,
2953,
705,
48116,
12,
10471,
76,
15252,
6682,
429,
3198,
315,
678,
16639,
1033,
26583,
45571,
11,
504,
3908,
7571,
311,
220,
22,
20,
4666,
6284,
6662,
6355,
2985,
624,
12,
9167,
16781,
8110,
553,
3072,
9901,
25,
10548,
311,
19344,
448,
31596,
11,
3908,
7571,
1033,
1036,
495,
5677,
311,
6176,
43096,
12408,
323,
18822,
13179,
3795,
10185,
13,
362,
2421,
5555,
2937,
11,
807,
1033,
90024,
311,
279,
1852,
12408,
323,
46839,
311,
4545,
1987,
10973,
1033,
3545,
2115,
304,
3072,
61181,
624,
12,
28217,
5980,
75995,
367,
25,
10973,
748,
12866,
1730,
304,
3072,
61181,
3545,
1030,
862,
36349,
3931,
1007,
624,
641,
279,
9390,
315,
1101,
11627,
3951,
11,
279,
16914,
75,
3452,
6023,
3033,
17530,
11,
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17,
15,
15,
11,
15,
15,
15,
3198,
323,
7571,
1033,
39377,
13,
7418,
803,
54844,
5109,
614,
1012,
11827,
17920,
13,
362,
220,
16,
24,
22,
18,
4549,
304,
279,
1532,
4261,
8523,
21451,
17194,
279,
10496,
315,
279,
5055,
8751,
315,
38501,
10973,
748,
80218,
6687,
21677,
7321,
14122,
311,
1492,
31596,
25,
1036,
8847,
13,
508,
9499,
1847,
8073,
60,
16782,
315,
279,
7179,
46140,
49165,
27232,
879,
30696,
678,
916,
38501,
2419,
279,
10496,
6682,
11,
1036,
477,
47471,
429,
518,
3245,
220,
19,
15,
15,
11,
15,
15,
15,
3198,
1033,
42543,
3304,
553,
279,
16663,
285,
48116,
32,
220,
17,
15,
15,
24,
11097,
10512,
10357,
1895,
5302,
429,
16781,
10017,
389,
264,
1036,
16767,
714,
2030,
46637,
5452,
320,
98027,
315,
220,
17,
15,
15,
11,
15,
15,
15,
311,
220,
19,
15,
15,
11,
15,
15,
15,
12415,
525,
3545,
9733,
304,
279,
17206,
11,
3498,
1045,
30739,
3717,
429,
1493,
12396,
525,
13919,
69854,
568,
854,
2093,
12563,
530,
33125,
504,
7748,
18145,
328,
2178,
10524,
93458,
11,
879,
4652,
264,
8322,
4549,
429,
9723,
311,
1495,
1363,
16781,
438,
1632,
438,
264,
2311,
911,
279,
220,
16,
24,
22,
16,
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11,
40444,
264,
47056,
504,
1008,
30739,
389,
38501,
624,
2121,
2677,
11,
279,
38675,
315,
7244,
1506,
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374,
537,
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311,
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13,
758,
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11,
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11,
1380,
59281,
323,
3590,
41208,
369,
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31596,
572,
5008,
27760,
2701,
279,
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5109,
1231,
387,
5310,
5000,
311,
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624,
34,
43447,
28217,
7711,
20590,
198,
30172,
315,
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35869,
6721,
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419,
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404,
2358,
1279,
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11,
323,
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1279,
1033,
13238,
700,
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15802,
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30308,
14400,
16916,
2337,
13943,
315,
59433,
304,
279,
5537,
748,
3840,
11,
807,
525,
2058,
3209,
890,
291,
553,
9825,
12783,
11,
2727,
30679,
372,
34123,
13,
1036,
6865,
2525,
700,
315,
279,
3753,
11,
807,
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700,
389,
279,
8592,
11,
714,
807,
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700,
389,
279,
8592,
438,
38620,
323,
29293,
323,
26600,
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1033,
1660,
32042,
304,
3460,
5109,
11,
1340,
11367,
11,
10866,
323,
6554,
5694,
1033,
2058,
6509,
279,
1429,
2989,
8845,
369,
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624,
44800,
4223,
43693,
372,
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29047,
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264,
6122,
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16,
16,
3364,
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384,
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11,
572,
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315,
264,
1874,
315,
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429,
572,
18822,
13179,
39377,
11,
323,
2937,
6552,
13,
2932,
7481,
1660,
44333,
504,
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26306,
315,
5593,
12866,
553,
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16914,
75,
3452,
6023,
1036,
24716,
8769,
24860,
2419,
1172,
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1221,
45653,
11480,
438,
264,
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510,
33,
791,
372,
1053,
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2293,
47,
585,
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13011,
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3881,
438,
279,
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596,
62650,
31245,
6822,
279,
3198,
311,
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43096,
12408,
11,
323,
1036,
21719,
291,
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[
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| 2.116878
|
Nursing Now campaign, of the State of the World’s Nursing 2020 (SOWN)(11 World Health Organization. State of the World's Nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. [cited Apr 28 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/nursing-report-2020
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/... ). Then came the unexpected one, the Covid-19 pandemic. Only time will tell the impact of those two events, but we can already identify implications for the education and practice of nurses, the theme of this issue of the Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem (RLAE). In 2020, two series of events highlighted the centrality of the role of nurses in the delivery of health services; one was planned, the other not. First, there is the designation by the World Health Assembly of 2020 as the International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife and the publication by World Health Organization (WHO), with the support of the International Council of Nurses and of the
The SOWN is the first global portrait of the nursing profession. It documents and discusses the availability and distribution of nurses worldwide, their roles, their working conditions and the quality of their education. While the overall image of the nursing workforce is positive, the report identifies shortcomings that need the attention of the profession and of policy makers. Two examples are the diversity of what is called a “nurses”, and the variations in the density of nurses by population. The report counted 144 distinct titles of nurses around the world, with differences in competencies requirements, education contents and strategies, and in scopes of practice. In the WHO Region of the Americas, 31 titles were identified, not counting assistants or auxiliaries. Some countries recognize a high degree of autonomy, including prescription rights, to certain categories of nurses, while others still limit the role of nurses to subordination to physicians. A second example is the extreme variations in the density of nurses between regions of the world and between countries of different level of economic development. Among the six WHO regions, the Americas is the Region with the highest density (83.4/10000), higher than Europe (79.3). However, this figure conceals the great differences between countries, ranging from 106 and 111/10000 in Canada and the United State of America (USA) respectively, to less than 4/10000 in Haiti, Honduras and the Dominican Republic with(22 Cassiani SHB, Hoyos MC, Barreto MFC, Sives K, da Silva FAM. Distribución de la fuerza de trabajo en enfermería en la Región de las Américas. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2018;42:e72. https://doi. org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.72
https://doi. org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.72... ).
As to the health crisis, it has revealed the lack of preparedness of countries, even those with abundant resources, like Canada, the USA and a number of European countries, and the lack of solidarity between countries and sometimes within the same country. The warnings and advices of international health authorities, namely WHO, and of national public health ones, have not always been timely accepted by political decision makers, and were even ignored by some who denied the importance of the epidemics. On the positive side, the crisis showed the dedication of health workers in general and particularly of nurses who are at the forefront of the response to the epidemics, often at the expense of their own health and safety. It highlighted the competencies and the indispensable role of nurses, not only in intensive care as rapidly became evident, but at all levels of service delivery. At the same time, the crisis revealed how demanding the work of nurses is, and how difficult their working conditions are.
These two events show that even though nursing has made great progress in the recent past, major challenges remain to ensure that nurses contribute fully to achieving universal health coverage. In a majority of countries of the world, the main challenge is to increase the nursing workforce to a level that makes health services accessible to everyone. This requires at least three changes in the education pipeline: to increase the capacity of admission in education institutions, to attract more young people to nursing, and to harmonize education programs and quality assurance mechanisms. Regarding practice, challenges include to provide nurses with a safe, supportive and motivating work environment and to develop or strengthen the monitoring and promotion of the quality of work .
In order to respond to these challenges, effective health workforce policies focusing on education are needed. In nursing, this means investing in the capacity of education institutions and in the recruitment of more educators; also in measures to attract more suitable candidates, including men, to nursing studies, and to prevent attrition during studies so that most admitted students actually graduate. However, more does not mean more of the same: nurses must be equipped with the right competencies, in alignment with the needs of health services and with those of the population(33 Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, Cohen J, Crisp N, Evans T, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet. 2010 Dec 4;376(9756):1923-58. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61854-5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61... -44 Cassiani SHDB, Wilson LL, Mikael SSE, Morán-Peña L, Zarate-Grajales R, McCreary LL, et al. The situation of nursing education in Latin America and the Caribbean towards universal health. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2017;25:e2913. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2232.2913
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2232.2... ) including in areas that tend to be less valued, such as mental health, geriatrics or primary care. Then all nurses should have the opportunity to adapt and improve their competencies all along their career. The harmonization of programs and of their quality can be realized through the accreditation, by independent bodies, of schools, whether public or private, and of pre-service, clinical training, and long-life programs(55 World Health Organization. Global Strategy on HRH: Workforce 2030 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. [cited Apr 28 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/globstrathrh-2030/en/
https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/globst... ). This would facilitate the harmonization of titles, including of specialties, though, in the context of a globalized health labour market, countries must offer employment and working conditions that encourage retention and limit emigration of the nurses they train.
Scaling-up the status of nurses will enable them to contribute more fully to the availability and quality of health services, in roles that are complementary to that of other health professionals. This is challenging in an environment in which numerous actors with competing interests and objectives interact. For-profit private schools may resist regulation, or medical organizations may oppose the expansion of the role of nurses. Advocacy and recommendations by international agencies like WHO and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and by international and regional professional associations, can help mobilize the political support needed for change to happen. Research is also important to inform policy decisions, and, in that respect, nursing schools and faculties play a critical role in producing the evidence that can convince political decision makers to invest in nursing education and in the development of the profession.
This thematic issue of the RLAE is therefore more than opportune, as it stimulates the dissemination of research results and of innovative actions within the profession. It will show that nursing can move from roles of subordination to ones of complementarity, and make a difference to the benefit of everyone. The next step is to translate this message in a language that speaks to policy makers and to the population, who will be the ultimate beneficiary of a stronger and better performing nursing workforce.
The publication of this article in the Thematic Series “Human Resources in Health and Nursing” is part of Activity 2.2 of Reference Term 2 of the PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Brazil.
1World Health Organization. State of the World's Nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. [cited Apr 28 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/nursing-report-2020
2Cassiani SHB, Hoyos MC, Barreto MFC, Sives K, da Silva FAM. Distribución de la fuerza de trabajo en enfermería en la Región de las Américas. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2018;42:e72. https://doi. org/
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Sunday, July 23, 2017
1 Samuel 1: 1-28
The story of Hannah is a familiar one. A devout woman and a faithful wife, Hannah yearns and yearns for a child and at the very moment that she gives up hope entirely, God intervenes and blesses her with a pregnancy. It’s such a familiar story that we can easily lose sight of the particulars of Hannah’s experience.
Hannah is one of two wives married to a man named Elkanah. The “other” wife – and that’s exactly how this wife is introduced in the story, as “other” – is named Penninah and she has given Elkanah children, making Hannah subservient to her in the household. This conflict is the very first thing that we learn about Hannah’s life and is meant to recall earlier stories of infertility and domestic conflict.
The story of Hannah echoes the stories of the three Jewish matriarchs that preceded her: Sarah, Rebecca, and Rachel. We’ve told the stories of their sons these past few weeks – Sarah is the mother of Isaac, Rebecca is the mother to the rival twins Jacob and Esau, and Rachel is wife of Jacob and mother to Joseph and Benjamin. We tell the story of the founding of Israel through the perspectives and experiences of the Patriarchs and their stories have common themes: honor, betrayal, division, reconciliation, and restoration. But, we can also tell this story – our story – through the experience of childlessness and the ways in which the narrative of the Matriarchs, in the words of Lillian Klein “takes a woman’s pain and places it in her personal failure and draws it out in a communal context.”
At the start of Hannah’s story, the one it most closely resembles is that of Sarah, who becomes pregnant with Isaac at the age of ninety (Abraham is 100). Sarah also has a woman rival in her household – Hagar, her Egyptian maidservant, who has a son Ishmael with Abraham. Hagar is banished by Sarah after the birth of Isaac. The relationship between Hannah and Penninah is meant to recall that of Sarah and Hagar. In both stories, it’s the birth of a son that raises the status of one woman over another. When Sarah gives birth to Isaac she acquires power over Hagar and wields it with brutality. Entire fields of study within Christian ethics are dedicated to telling the story of Israel from the perspective of Hagar and women like her, the “other” women populating the margins of the Matriarch’s stories.
Often, women’s very bodies become a site of conflict between the expectations of culture and the most intimate desires of the heart. No matriarch better exemplifies this than Sarah’s daughter-in-law Rebecca, who spends twenty years praying for a child with Isaac. Unlike Sarah and Hannah, Rebecca is not locked in conflict with another wife. Rather, as soon as she becomes pregnant, her very body becomes the site of conflict between her twin sons: Jacob and Esau. According to Midrash, during this difficult pregnancy, whenever Rebecca would walk past a house of Torah, Jacob would struggle to come out. When she walked past a house of idolatry, Esau would struggle to come out. This makes for a terrifying experience for Rebecca who initially believes herself to be pregnant with one very disturbed child, as opposed to two sons so alive they’re practically killing her. Sick with worry and exhausted from the grueling experience of her pregnancy Rebecca goes into temple and asks the Lord, “If it is to be this way, why do I live?”
And the Lord says to her, “Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples born of you shall be divided; the one shall be stronger than the other, the elder shall serve the younger.”
The twins are born and their struggle continues well into adulthood. When Isaac decides that it is time to give the blessing of the first born to Esau. Rebecca helps to disguise Jacob so that he can steal the blessing meant for his brother. Later, Rebecca sends Jacob to her brother Laban where he falls in love with his daughter Rachel and eventually marries both Rachel and her sister Leah. And the familiar story begins again, this time taking to even greater extremes the hostilities that erupt between women in households where worthiness is determined by how many sons they bear.
Rachel finally becomes pregnant and gives birth to Joseph, Jacob’s favorite child. A fact that will wreak great havoc and calamity in a family already deeply fractured by the grief of women. Rachel’s story isn’t a happy one. She becomes pregnant a second time, again after a long period of prayerful devotion, and dies giving birth to Benjamin.
According to many Biblical scholars, the infertility of the Matriarchs – Sarah, Rebecca, and Rachel – is meant to heighten the drama surrounding the eventual birth of their sons, setting Isaac, Jacob and Joseph apart as special in the history of Israel. It also teaches that pregnancy is an act of God. The story of Hannah is important because it simultaneously echoes the stories of the Jewish Matriarchs while also pointing toward the stories of Mary and Elizabeth in the New Testament, for whom motherhood is an act of devastating sacrifice. Like the Matriarchs, Hannah years for a child. And like Elizabeth, Hannah’s experience of motherhood is inseparable from the sacrifice of the much yearned for child.
The story of Hannah occupies a meeting place between Judaism and early Protestantism. In both traditions, Hannah exemplifies the importance of private, personal prayer with God. In Judaism, the Song of Hannah, the prayer she sings when she gives her son Samuel over to God, is the haftarah reading on Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year. And in Christianity, if you google “Hannah children’s sermon” you’ll gain some painful insight into how Hannah’s story has been distilled over time in our teaching. There are hundreds of results with titles like God Gives Hannah a Baby. It starts early, even in children’s sermon titles, our Christian teaching that if a woman just prays hard enough, God will give her a baby. The church has been hurting women for millennia with teachings like that, adding shame to the feelings of personal failure that accompany many people’s experience of childlessness. I want to say that that is not the God I know, nor is it the church that I know we can be.
Each of the women in the stories I’ve told today lived in deep, dissonant conflict with a culture that tied their status and worthiness to motherhood. Hannah exemplifies this tension, she wants motherhood so terribly that she decides the path to motherhood for her will mean giving away the very child her heart desires. Hannah’s story resonates across millennia because women continue to live in the tension between cultural expectations and personal desires. Nowhere has this become more apparent to me than in my work at Planned Parenthood where I volunteer as an abortion doula.
An abortion doula provides emotional support to patients immediately before, during, and after an abortion procedure. On a typical two and a half hour shift, this means that I walk into the procedure room a few minutes before the doctor and introduce myself and let the patient know that I’m there to support them during the procedure. Whether they’d like a hand to hold, distracting chit chat, or simply quiet, I am there to hold space for them.
That’s what we call what we try to do for patients at Planned Parenthood, and what we can all strive to do in our relationships. We hold space for a person whenever we are willing to be present with them without judgment, without trying to “fix” something (or someone), but by opening our hearts and offering support in a way that allows people space to trust themselves and their own intuition. Holding space is a type of compassionate care that recognizes that people know their own truth best.
That’s a radical notion for those of us who live in the tension between our culture’s expectations of us and the most intimate desires of our hearts. Sometimes, not always, but sometimes in the moments after a procedure, when I’m alone again with a patient, words will start tumbling out of her mouth. We’ve held hands. I’ve looked into her eyes and wiped her tears. And now, as I’m helping her to put herself back together, she starts to tell a story. Sometimes telling me their story is an intimate act of catharsis, of letting go of the hoped-for and being present in the messiness of the everyday. In those moments, the procedure room at Planned Parenthood becomes the holiest of holy ground. But, often, the stories I hear, I’m only privy to because even in the midst of their grief and sadness, a patient thinks that they have to explain their decision to me. No amount of absolutely amazing space holding can un-teach a woman a lifetime of being told that they must justify their most personal decisions to strangers.
Over the past half-century, American Christianity has become more and more obsessed with the individual over and against the communal. Our theology has come to emphasize personal and private decisions rather than the cultural contexts in which those decisions are made. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the way we treat people seeking abortion care in the United States. Every time I walk into the clinic at Planned Parenthood I walk past posters that the state require be posted in the waiting room: It is against the law in Tennessee to coerce a woman against her will into an abortion, they declare in bold type.
Yet, everyday women in Tennessee and across the United States end dearly wanted pregnancies out of fears for their family’s financial security. Capitalism, the ultimate religion of the individual, often forces people into decisions that otherwise go against their most intimate hopes and dreams. That is a sin of social structure and institutional oppression. I said earlier that the most important part of being an abortion doula is being a non-judgmental presence. I work hard to be that
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]
] |
[
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] |
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| 2.894493
|
It is a long page. First the color systems, and then the details of RGB below.
There are other color systems, but two of the basic color systems are:
This article is about RGB color, which is universally used in our digital cameras and scanners, almost all photo image files, computers, video monitors, cell phones, television and computer screens, stage lighting, and about anything else working with light (and our human eyes are a RGB system too). We view light transmitted directly from the source. Raw files are not yet exactly RGB yet, but raw files are also not viewable images yet, not until the RGB conversion that we can view. See more RGB specifics below.
Painting (art or painted things, etc.) and printing (commercial prepress, etc.) and pigments and ink and dye and photo prints use the CMYK system that we see as reflected from the colored surface. Our home printers also use CMYK ink, but they are designed to expect to receive and convert RGB images (such as JPG files), since that's what we have to print.
Both RGB and CMYK are “device dependent” color, meaning any final result somewhat depends on how the specific device is able to show it, like depending on just how red can the chosen ink or phosphorus actually make it? Different devices might show it a little different. There is another system called CIELAB or Lab Color (Wikipedia) that tries to define a specific color independent of how various devices might be able to reproduce it.
RGB color: Red, Green, and Blue are the RGB primary colors of light. The light from our monitor screen's RGB elements is seen directly by our eye. We look directly at the transmitted light itself. The RGB primaries mixed together will ADD (gets brighter) to possibly combine into White if bright enough. This is called Additive Color (mixing all RGB colors gets brighter, the sum of more light is brighter). Sunlight is white, a mix of all colors adding to white (around 5500°K) Sunlight mixes to what we call White, basically meaning bright and with no color cast. White does not mean no color, it means equal RGB colors, balanced (all equal), so no color tints appear. Neutral gray and even black is also a balanced color, meaning equal RGB components (no pinkish or bluish tints in the gray). Less intense RGB colors trend darker, toward black (if no light, no color). So White is balanced and bright enough to lighten Gray to White. The format of RGB nomenclature is RGB(255,255,255) is White (255 is the Maximum of 8-bit RGB), and RGB(0,0,0) is Black, which specifies the value of the combined Red, Green, and Blue components of the color.
However, printers print with CMYK ink, because what we see is reflected light that was not absorbed by the printed ink, which becomes a different inverse principle. The difference is that RGB is about a direct beam of light transmitted into our eyes (Additive Color) vs. CMY is about the light reflected from color pigments on physical objects (Subtractive Color).
CMY color: The complements of RGB primaries are Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow, which are the CMY primary colors of pigments, of paint, ink, dye, etc, called the Subtractive system, which are viewed by reflected light (seen reflected from the inks or pigments printed on paper or canvas for example). The CMY inks absorb light, subtracting the complement color of the light, so subtraction of the reflected complement mix gets darker, due to absorption of more colors). Less intense thinner CMY ink trends brighter, toward white, as reflected light when printed. The blank white paper is white when we can see it through sparse ink. For example, the light (for example white sunlight) hits printed Yellow ink, which absorbs the Blue complement, but reflects the other colors of the white light, and those red and green components are seen as Yellow (with little or no Blue present).
RYB color is something else (red, yellow, blue): Past centuries history of artists seeking to make colors by mixing primaries of pigments did assume RYB as primaries. Artists mixing pigments used this centuries older view about primaries, but it was ultimately discovered that RYB is not actually correct. Artists found RYB couldn't make all painted colors without using additional paint colors (like green), but they adapted to deal with it by typically using many paint colors (instead of three primaries). The imperfect pigments caused even more issues for the artists, so the situation was not clear back then. RYB is still taught in elementary school, since students don’t yet know about Cyan and Magenta colors. But paint or ink pigments do not actually use red or blue as primaries, so the correct way to think of primary pigments is CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow). The exact CMY primaries of reflected painting were not known until well into the 20th century. It is said that the Eagle Printing Company, New York (later ultimately becoming part of prior history of Sun Chemical), did the first CMYK printing in 1906, discovering it could create about any color on paper. RYB cannot. (see internet Eagle Printing and also that site's main page). But CMYK printing did not become the standard mainsteam procedure until maybe about 1950.
RYB does have its very long history, and is still widely used in art education, and still has some fans used to it, but which we've finally learned is not the technically correct physics of color. You will still commonly find RYB color wheels to buy (possibly called Traditional), which was the early theory, but is not actual precise reality, so now you should specifically instead look for modern RGB color wheels, which also apply to CMY work, meaning Yellow is between Red and Green either way, but red and green are not Subtractive primaries (reflections from pigments). Tradition may still remember RYB, but modern science uses RGB for video, TV for example, and CMYK for printing (K including black ink). CMY are the fundamental primaries for modern printing and painting and color photo prints.
There are also other printing methods, and simpler graphics work using say only three specific ink colors (called Spot Printing), say maybe black and purple and orange, will use actual black and purple and orange inks, making the three passes over the paper. But work like magazines and books use CMYK ink for photo images. And all of our home color printers use CMYK ink or toner for color work.
FWIW, in CMY, the red-purple Magenta is the same as the color called Fuchsia (both colors are RGB(255, 0, 255)). And the blue-green Cyan is the same as the color often called Aqua (both colors are RGB(0, 255, 255)). Those may approximate red and blue, but Magenta and Cyan are the precise Subtractive primaries.
Added colors move brighter, towards White, and Subtracted colors move darker, towards Black. These Primary colors are the three colors from which all the other colors can be made by mixing proportions of these three. Light is mixed with RGB color, and paint pigments or dyes are mixed with CMY color. RGB and CMY are complements of each other (one inverted is the other, see inversion below), and both RGB and CMYK systems use the same RGB color wheel, next below.
RGB - Today, cameras, scanners, projectors and video monitors (computers and television) show light directly, which is seen as light, and mixing colors of light uses RGB primaries. In RGB, mixing more colors of light gets brighter, the sum is brighter than the brightest. More light becomes white. Sunlight is called white, a mix of all colors adding to white. Or no light at all is black, same as in your closet. So RGB is called Additive Color. In photography, overexposure is simply more light, so darker colors become lighter colors (red to pink, etc), and light colors become white. In extremes, even black can become white.
CMY - In color printing or painting, mixing pigments (paint or ink or dye) is seen as light reflected from the pigments. Specifically, seen as the reflected light that was NOT absorbed by the pigments. Yellow ink looks yellow because its pigment absorbs the compliment blue. In CMY, mixing more colors absorbs more colors of reflected light, so is seen darker, so CMY is called Subtractive Color. In CMY pigments, adding more mixed pigment colors absorbs more colors absorbs more and reflects less, so becoming darker (theoretically towards black, but typically becoming a muddy brown instead of pure black, only because the pigments are not perfect absorbers.) So in water colors, we see that mixing too many colors becomes dark and muddy. Therefore for printed color systems to show dark colors and black better, they also add black pigment, the four inks then called CMYK, K for Key, typically meaning black). No pigment at all is seen as the white paper showing through, so printing on colored paper gets complicated.
CMYK: Printed or painted color technically and ideally would need only the three CMY inks, but which is less precise than RGB because the pigments are not perfect in their light absorption and reflection properties (and we see what is reflected instead of absorbed). Ideally equal mixes of the three CMY primaries would absorb all light, reflecting none, which should be Black, but since the inks don’t absorb perfectly, the mixed result is typically more a more muddy color. So black ink is added as a helper, so the system is CMY, but the four inks are CM
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1789, one of the most pivotal events in history took place in the kingdom of France. The French Revolution affected many aspects of political and social life throughout all of western Europe, and its repercussions would be felt for generations to come. Several British authors in the nineteenth century wrote fictional works with the revolution as a setting. One of the most prolific writers of the period, Baroness Emmuska Orczy, wrote a series of books about the revolution, the most popular of which was The Scarlet Pimpernel. Many authors in the nineteenth century wrote books dealing with this historical event, but Baroness Orczy's novels are the most historically accurate.
All of the Pimpernel novels have a characteristic beginning. Each starts with a summary of the events that have so far taken place in the revolution, and the current events which will have some impact on the plot of the novel. These introductions contain many historical facts. And, appropriately, the main villains in her novels are the main leaders of the Revolution, especially Maximillian Robespierre, Collot d'Herbois, and Chauvelin.
The Scarlet Pimpernel, written in 1905, is the story of a young French actress, Marguerite St. Just, who marries a wealthy English nobleman, Sir Percival Blakeney. She becomes quickly estranged from her husband, as he begins to appear more and more foppish and distant. An agent of the French Revolutionary government, Chauvelin, comes to England to enlist Marguerite's aid in helping him find the Scarlet Pimpernel, an unidentified Englishman who rescues condemned French aristocrats from the guillotine. Unsuspected by Marguerite, the elusive hero turns out to be her husband, Sir Percy. After several adventures in France to rescue Marguerite's brother, Armand St. Just, the Blakeneys return safely to England and are reconciled.
This novel, originally written as a play, was so successful that a series of books based on the adventures of Sir Percy followed. The stories take place between 1792 and 1795, and include many historical events and people. One of the most interesting aspects of all the Pimpernel books is the accuracy of the characters portrayed. Unlike Charles Dicken's Tale of Two Cities which does not use any historical people as main characters, the majority of characters in the Pimpernel books are recorded in history. In particular, the relationship of the main character, Marguerite, to the real revolutionary, Louis-Antoine St. Just is fascinating. Throughout the novels, Baroness Orczy depicts Marguerite as the cousin of Louis-Antoine. In fact, Louis-Antoine St. Just was a young lawyer, only twenty-six, and a close adherent of Maximillian Robespierre (Rudé 97). A fanatical Jacobin, he believed in punishing not only "traitors" but also those who were "indifferent" and not enthusiastic revolutionaries (Hibbert 225). In The Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel, Orczy depicts a scene in which St. Just, Robespierre, and other revolutionary leaders meet. St. Just is depicted as young, enthusiastic, and eloquent in speech, all virtues which the real St. Just is recorded to have had. He was considered to be the most effective orator in the revolutionary party (Popkin 67).
Also depicted in this novel was Jean Lambert Tallien, a revolutionary leader who did not support Robespierre. While commissioned in Bordeaux, he fell in love with Theresa Cabbarrus, formerly the Comtesse de Fontenay, who was a prisoner. He was accused of having come under her influences, and losing his zeal for the revolution (Hibbert 260). At this time, Robespierre and St. Just had been writing up a list of other revolutionary leaders who were to be condemned as traitors. In August of 1794, as St. Just was preparing to speak to the Convention about the list of condemned traitors, Tallien interrupted him and placed the blame of all the nation's problems on Robespierre and St. Just (Hibbert 262). Many joined him in this, and Robespierre was outnumbered and forced to surrender his power. He, St. Just, and many other important leaders were sent to a violent death on the guillotine (Hibbert 262).
Baroness Orczy, in The Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel, uses these facts about Tallien and the Comtesse de Fontenay in her plot. She introduces the Comtesse de Fontenay as Tallien's fiancee. By having the Comtesse arrested, the Scarlet Pimpernel was able to urge Tallien to rise against Robespierre, whom everyone feared, in order to save her life. This inevitably led to the execution of the main enemies in the story. And history records that the Comtesse de Fontenay, after marrying Tallien, later divorced him and remarried two more times (Hibbert 317).
Eldorado, written in 1906, relates to many historical personages and events. In this novel, the Scarlet Pimpernel attempts a daring rescue of the Dauphin of France. Baroness Orczy describes a gruesome scene in the Temple Prison, in which the young prince is given spirits to drink, is forced to wear the revolutionary cap, sing the revolutionary "Ca Ira!" and trample the royal flag. He was then taught by Simon, the shoemaker who was put in charge of him, to curse his parents and accuse them of many atrocities (Ocrzy, Eldorado 46-47). This scene, however, is very accurate to recorded history. The Dauphin's older sister, who had been incarcerated with him, later wrote:
...and her [Marie Antoinette] misery was increased when she knew that the shoemaker Simon was in charge of him...We often went up into the tower. My brother went by every day and the only pleasure my mother had was to watch him pass by through a little window. Sometimes she waited there for hours to get a glimpse of her beloved child. . . Every day we heard him and Simon singing the Carmagnole, the Marseillaise and many other horrid songs. Simon made him wear a red bonnet and a carmagnole jacket and forced him to sing at the windows so as to be heard by the guard and to blaspheme God and curse his family and the aristocrats (Hibbert 221).
It was also recorded that after the Terror, the "Ca Ira!" was sung by revolutionaries (Hibbert 320). Also in this novel, a main character is the Baron de Batz, who works for the Austrian government, and is involved with many plots to save the royal family and other aristocrats. These schemes have also been recorded as historical fact (Doyle 267). But, as in the novel, most of his plots failed and only helped to irritate the revolutionary leaders and to bring about the arrest of many royalist supporters (Doyle 277). Also, Hébert, a known revolutionary Jacobin, was suspected by Robespierre of supporting de Batz and possibly the Prime Minister of England, Pitt (Doyle 267). Baroness Orczy includes this idea, and depicts a sort of cooperation between de Batz and Hébert.
One of the most memorable events of the Revolution occurred on July 13, 1793 when Charlotte Corday assassinated the infamous Marat (Popkin 71). Jean-Paul Marat was a journalist who founded the paper known as L'Ami du peuple. Often in trouble with the authorities, he hid for some time in the cellars and sewers of Paris, where he contracted prurigo, a painful and gruesome looking skin disease (Hibbert 142). Charlotte Corday, after several attempts to hold audience with Marat, was finally admitted under the pretense that she had a list of traitors who needed to be dealt with. She proceeded to reveal the names of the traitors to him, which he began to take down in order to have them executed. She then pulled a sharpened dinner knife from her bodice and punctured his left lung (Hibbert 213). And this is the setting for the short story "Sir Percy Explains" in The League of the Scarlet Pimpernel.
The Elusive Pimpernel is also an excellent example of Baroness Orczy's accurate depiction of historical events. On June 8, 1794 Robespierre conducted in Boulogne a festival in worship of a Supreme Being. Earlier, the revolutionaries had tried to dechristianize France by forbidding any sort of worship. This failed, and the festival of the Supreme Being was a means of trying to reverse the damage. Robespierre declared their belief in immorality and the existence of some superior being (Doyle 276). In the novel, Désirée Candeille, a young French actress, is commissioned by the revolutionary leaders to help them lure the Scarlet Pimpernel over to France. Later in Boulogne, she is made the "Goddess of Reason" in a festival issued by Robespierre, very like the Supreme Being of history.
Also, besides the French characters which really existed, many of the characters from England are recorded in history. The most relevant of these is George IV, Prince of Wales at this time. He is supposedly a very good friend of Sir Percy's in the novels. Also, many government
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1997,
1999,
2000,
2001,
2002,
2003,
2004,
2006,
2005,
2007,
2008,
2009,
2010,
2011,
2012,
2013,
2015,
2014,
2016,
2017,
2018,
2019,
2021,
2020,
2022,
2023,
2024,
2025,
2027,
2026,
2028,
2029,
2030,
2031,
2032,
2035,
2033,
2034,
2036,
2037,
2038,
2039,
2040,
2041,
2042,
2043,
2044,
2045,
2046,
2047
] |
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[
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2,048
| 2.998446
|
BATTLES OF EMUCKFAU, ENITACHOPCA AND CALBEC
Since the battle of Talladega, Jackson had encountered innumerable difficulties and mortifications, owing to the failure of contractors and the mutiny of his troops, who were finally reduced to one hundred men by the expiration of their time of service. He was now compelled to employ Cherokees to garrison Fort Armstrong, upon the Coosahatchie, and protect the stores at Ross's. Almost alone, in a savage land, he yet constantly rode between Fort Strother and Ditto's Landing to hasten supplies for the new army, which he had employed Governor Blount to raise for him. At last two regiments, one of them commanded by Colonel Perkins and the other by Colonel Higgins, numbering together eight hundred and fifty men, who had only enlisted for sixty days, reached Fort Strother. Jan. 14 1814: Well understanding the character of minute men like these, who must be constantly employed, Jackson immediately marched them across the Coosa to the late battle ground of Talladega, where he was joined by two hundred Cherokees and Creeks, who evinced great alarm at the weakness which the command presented. Jan. 16: Continuing the march towards the Tallapoosa, the army encamped at Enitachopco, a Hillabee village, and the next day fell into many fresh beaten trails, indicating the proximity of a large force. Jan. 21 1814: Here Jackson determined to halt for the purpose of reconnoitre. Before dark his encampment was formed, his army thrown into a hollow square, his pickets and spies sent out, his sentinels doubled, and his fires lighted some distance outside of the lines. About ten o'clock at night one of the pickets firing upon three of the enemy succeeded in killing one, and at the hour of eleven the spies reported a large encampment three miles distant, where the savages were whooping and dancing, and, being apprised of the approach of the Americans, were sending off their women and children.
Jan. 22: About six o?clock in the morning the Indians suddenly fell upon Jackson's flank, and upon the left of his rear, maintaining a vigorous attack for a half hour. General Coffee, AdjutantGeneral Sitler, and Inspector-General Carroll rode rapidly to the scene of action as soon as the firing commenced, animating the men, who firmly kept the assailants at bay. Morning shed its light upon the exciting scene, enabling Captain Terrill's infantry to reinforce the left flank, when the whole line was led to the charge by General Coffee, supported by Colonels Higgins and Carroll and the friendly Indians, which forced the savages to abandon the ground in a rapid manner. They were pursued with slaughter for two miles. Coffee being then ordered, with four hundred men and the friendly Indians, to burn up their encampment, advanced, and, finding it strongly fortified, returned for the artillery. Shortly afterwards, a body of the enemy boldly advanced and attacked the right wing of Jackson's encampment. Coffee again charged, but, through mistake, only forty-five men followed him, composing his own company of volunteer officers; but the friendly Indians were sent by Jackson to his support. Dismounting his men, he now pursued the "Red Sticks" to the swamp of a creek.*
* The Indian war-party were often called the "Red Sticks," because their war-clubs were invariably painted red.
Jackson had ordered his left flank to remain firm, and now the Indians came rushing with yells against it. Repairing to that point, and ordering up Captain Terrill to his support, the whole line received the enemy with intrepidity, and, after a few fires, advanced to the charge under the impetuous Carroll. Again the Red Sticks fled before the bayonet, the Americans pursuing some distance, and marking their trails with blood. In the meantime, Coffee kept the enemy, who had now returned upon him from the swamp, at bay until Jackson strengthened him with a reinforcement of a hundred friendly warriors, at the head of whom was Jim Fife. Coffee again charged, when the Red Sticks once more gave way, and the pursuit was continued for three miles, with the loss of forty-five savages.
The brave Creeks had now been repulsed in every attempt, but they exhibited a ferocity and courage which commanded the serious consideration of Jackson, whose force was weaker than he desired. The horses had been without cane and without corn for two days, and but few rations remained for the men. The wounded were numerous, and the enemy would doubtless soon be reinforced. Jackson determined to return to Fort Strother with all possible despatch. The remainder of the day was employed in collecting and burying the dead, dressing the wounded and fortifying the camp; but the morning dawned without another attack.*
* The battle of Emuckfau was fought near a creek of that name, which runs south into the Tallapoosa river, in Tallapoosa county, Alabama.
The army began the retrograde march about ten o?clock a.m., bearing the wounded, among whom was Coffee, in litters, constructed of the hides of the slain horses. Jan. 23 1814: Jackson reached Enitachopco before night without molestation, and fortified himself at a place a quarter of a mile from the creek, around which the Red Sticks prowled, but refrained from attack. Dreading an onset at the ford of the creek, by which his army had passed a few days before, and which afforded great facilities for Indian ambuscades, the commander despatched spies in search of a less exposed crossing place. Jan 24: Six hundred yards lower down was selected, and thither he advanced his troops in the morning. Carroll commended the rear guard, Colonel Perkins the right column, and Colonel Stump the left. In case of attack, Carroll was to face about, display and maintain his position, while the other two colonels were to face outward, wheel back on their pivots, and attack the Red Sticks on both flanks.
The wounded and the front guard had passed the creek, and as Jackson was upon the eastern bank, superintending the crossing of the army, an alarm gun was heard, which was succeeded by a fierce attack of the savages upon the rearguard of Captain Russell's spies. Colonel Carroll ordered the rear-guard to halt and form, when the right and left columns, seized by a sudden panic, fled without firing a gun, drawing after them most of the centre, with their officers foremost in the flight, at the head of whom was Colonel Stump, who came plunging down the bank, near the exasperated commander-inchief, who made an unsuccessful effort to cut him down with his sword. With only twenty-five men, under Captain Quarles, Carroll gallantly checked the advance of the Red Sticks. The artillery was under the command of Lieutenant Armstrong, in the absence of Captain Deadrick, who now ordered his company, armed with muskets, to advance to the top of the hill, while he, with Constantine Perkins and a few others, dragged up the six-pounder from the middle of the creek. Instantly in their position, they maintained it against ten times their number, until Armstrong reached them with his piece. Jan. 24 1814: Discovering that, in the hurry of separating the gun from the limbers, the rammer and pricker had been left tied to the latter, with wonderful presence of mind, and while Indian bullets rattled like hail around them, Constantine Perkins and Craven Jackson, two of the gunners, supplied the deficiency. Perkins took off his bayonet, and rammed the cartridge home with his musket, and Jackson, drawing his ramrod, employed it as a pricker, priming with a musket cartridge.* The six-pounder was thus twice charged, pouring grape among the savages, then only a few yards distant. Several comrades of these men fell around them, and, after the second fire, the little artillery company furiously charged on the assailants, who became more cautious in their approaches. Captain Gordon's spies, in front of the army when the alarm was given, made a circuit and attacked the left flank of the Indians. At the same time, a number of the rear-guard and flankers, rallied by Jackson, re-crossed the creek and joined in the fight. The savages, finding that the whole army was now brought against them, fled, throwing away their packs and leaving upon the field the bodies of twenty-six warriors.
* Constantine Perkins was born in Knox county, Tennessee the 17th August, 1792 He graduated at Cumberland College in 1813, and was with Jackson at the battle of Talladega in Carroll's Advance guard, where he greatly distinguished himself. Refusing to abandon Jackson in a hostile land, he remained with the small number who adhered to him In the two battles at Emuckfau, he fought side by side with the bravest. When the Creek war was at an end, he studied law at Nashville. He was elected solicitor of one of the Tennessee circuits but, removing to Alabama in 1819, was elected solicitor of the third circuit, which office he held until 1826, when he was elected attorney-general In 1834, the people of Tuscaloosa county placed him in the State Senate of which he was a member until the 17th September, 1836, when he died.
One hundred and eighty-nine bodies of the enemy were counted upon the fields of Emuckfau and Enitachopco. The
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] |
[
2048
] |
2,048
| 2.489283
| "Howard Gardner, professor of education and psychology at Harvard University, is one of the great mi(...TRUNCATED)
| [0,3,2,1,4,6,5,7,8,10,11,9,12,13,14,15,16,18,17,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,29,28,31,30,32,33,35,34,3(...TRUNCATED)
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|
[
2048
] |
2,048
| 2.713004
| "Relief with Enthroned Ruler\n- Chakalte' (Guatemalan or Mexican, active ca. A.D. 750–800)\n- late(...TRUNCATED)
| [0,3,2,1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,22,21,23,24,25,26,27,28,31,30,29,32,35,33,34,3(...TRUNCATED)
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[
2048
] |
2,048
| 2.473576
| "This article is based on a talk given by Vardi at the Ada Lovelace Symposium, which took place at t(...TRUNCATED)
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[
2048
] |
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