feature_id stringlengths 2 4 | feature_name stringlengths 3 104 | domain stringclasses 12
values | question stringlengths 51 172 | possible_answers stringlengths 30 3.05k | ground_truth unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1A | Consonant Inventories | Phonology | How large is the consonant inventory in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Small; Moderately small; Average; Moderately large; Large | {
"Abipón": "Moderately small",
"Abkhaz": "Large",
"Alabama": "Small",
"Aché": "Small",
"Achumawi": "Moderately small",
"Acoma": "Large",
"Andoke": "Small",
"Adzera": "Moderately small",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "Average",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Moderately large",
"Aghem": "Average",
"Ahtna": "Moderate... |
2A | Vowel Quality Inventories | Phonology | How large is the vowel quality inventory in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Small vowel inventory (2-4); Average vowel inventory (5-6); Large vowel inventory (7-14) | {
"Abipón": "Average vowel inventory (5-6)",
"Abkhaz": "Small vowel inventory (2-4)",
"Alabama": "Small vowel inventory (2-4)",
"Aché": "Average vowel inventory (5-6)",
"Achumawi": "Average vowel inventory (5-6)",
"Acoma": "Average vowel inventory (5-6)",
"Andoke": "Large vowel inventory (7-14)",
"Adzer... |
3A | Consonant-Vowel Ratio | Phonology | What is the consonant–vowel ratio in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Low; Moderately low; Average; Moderately high; High | {
"Abipón": "Average",
"Abkhaz": "High",
"Alabama": "Moderately high",
"Aché": "Moderately low",
"Achumawi": "Average",
"Acoma": "High",
"Andoke": "Low",
"Adzera": "Moderately high",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "High",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Moderately high",
"Aghem": "Moderately low",
"Ahtna": "Moderatel... |
4A | Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | Phonology | Does the <LANGUAGE> language have a voicing contrast in plosives and/or fricatives? | No voicing contrast; Voicing contrast in plosives alone; Voicing contrast in fricatives alone; Voicing contrast in both plosives and fricatives | {
"Abipón": "No voicing contrast",
"Abkhaz": "Voicing contrast in both plosives and fricatives",
"Alabama": "Voicing contrast in plosives alone",
"Aché": "No voicing contrast",
"Achumawi": "No voicing contrast",
"Acoma": "No voicing contrast",
"Andoke": "Voicing contrast in plosives alone",
"Adzera": "V... |
5A | Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | Phonology | What is the pattern of plosive sounds in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Other; /p t k b d g/; Missing /p/; Missing /g/; Both missing | {
"Abipón": "Other",
"Abkhaz": "/p t k b d g/",
"Alabama": "Other",
"Aché": "Other",
"Achumawi": "Other",
"Acoma": "Other",
"Andoke": "Missing /g/",
"Adzera": "/p t k b d g/",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "Other",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Missing /p/",
"Aghem": "Missing /p/",
"Ahtna": "Other",
"Aikaná": "/... |
6A | Uvular Consonants | Phonology | Which types of uvular consonants are present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No uvulars; Uvular stops only; Uvular continuants only; Uvular stops and continuants | {
"Abipón": "Uvular stops and continuants",
"Abkhaz": "Uvular stops only",
"Alabama": "No uvulars",
"Aché": "No uvulars",
"Achumawi": "Uvular stops and continuants",
"Acoma": "No uvulars",
"Andoke": "No uvulars",
"Adzera": "No uvulars",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "Uvular stops and continuants",
"Arabic (Egy... |
7A | Glottalized Consonants | Phonology | Which types of glottalized consonants are present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No glottalized consonants; Ejectives only; Implosives only; Glottalized resonants only; Ejectives and implosives; Ejectives and glottalized resonants; Implosives and glottalized resonants; Ejectives, implosives and glottalized resonants | {
"Abipón": "No glottalized consonants",
"Abkhaz": "Ejectives only",
"Alabama": "No glottalized consonants",
"Aché": "No glottalized consonants",
"Achumawi": "No glottalized consonants",
"Acoma": "Ejectives and glottalized resonants",
"Andoke": "No glottalized consonants",
"Adzera": "No glottalized cons... |
8A | Lateral Consonants | Phonology | Which types of lateral consonants are present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No laterals; /l/, no obstruent laterals; Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent lateral; /l/ and lateral obstruents; No /l/, but lateral obstruents | {
"Abipón": "/l/, no obstruent laterals",
"Abkhaz": "/l/, no obstruent laterals",
"Alabama": "/l/ and lateral obstruents",
"Aché": "Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent lateral",
"Achumawi": "/l/, no obstruent laterals",
"Acoma": "No laterals",
"Andoke": "No laterals",
"Adzera": "No laterals",
"Aleut (E... |
9A | The Velar Nasal | Phonology | Is there a velar nasal in the <LANGUAGE> language, and is it used initially? | Velar nasal, also initially; Velar nasal, but not initially; No velar nasal | {
"Abipón": "No velar nasal",
"Abkhaz": "No velar nasal",
"Alabama": "No velar nasal",
"Abaza": "No velar nasal",
"Acoma": "No velar nasal",
"Andoke": "No velar nasal",
"Adyghe (Abzakh)": "No velar nasal",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No velar nasal",
"Aguaruna": "Velar nasal, but not initially",
"Aguacate... |
10A | Vowel Nasalization | Phonology | Are contrastive nasal vowels present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Contrastive nasal vowels present; Contrastive nasal vowels absent | {
"Abipón": "Contrastive nasal vowels absent",
"Abkhaz": "Contrastive nasal vowels absent",
"Acoma": "Contrastive nasal vowels absent",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Contrastive nasal vowels absent",
"Ainu": "Contrastive nasal vowels absent",
"Aka": "Contrastive nasal vowels absent",
"Alamblak": "Contrastive nasa... |
10B | Nasal Vowels in West Africa | Phonology | How is the nasal–oral vowel contrast expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No nasal vs. oral vowel contrast; Two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) without nasal spreading; Two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) with nasal spreading; Four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ vs. /Vː/) without nasal spreading; Four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast ... | {
"Aka": "No nasal vs. oral vowel contrast",
"Avatime": "Two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) without nasal spreading",
"Bana": "No nasal vs. oral vowel contrast",
"Biafada": "No nasal vs. oral vowel contrast",
"Bafia": "No nasal vs. oral vowel contrast",
"Baoulé": "Two-way nasal vs. oral vow... |
11A | Front Rounded Vowels | Phonology | How are front rounded vowels distributed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | None; High and mid; High only; Mid only | {
"Abipón": "None",
"Abkhaz": "None",
"Alabama": "None",
"Aché": "None",
"Achumawi": "None",
"Acoma": "None",
"Andoke": "None",
"Adzera": "None",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "None",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "None",
"Aghem": "None",
"Ahtna": "None",
"Aikaná": "High and mid",
"Ainu": "None",
"Aizi": "Non... |
12A | Syllable Structure | Phonology | How complex is the syllable structure of the <LANGUAGE> language? | Simple syllable structure; Moderately complex syllable structure; Complex syllable structure | {
"Abipón": "Complex syllable structure",
"Abkhaz": "Complex syllable structure",
"Aché": "Simple syllable structure",
"Acoma": "Moderately complex syllable structure",
"Andoke": "Simple syllable structure",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "Complex syllable structure",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Complex syllable structure"... |
13A | Tone | Phonology | How complex is the tone system of the <LANGUAGE> language? | No tones; Simple tone system; Complex tone system | {
"Abkhaz": "No tones",
"Achumawi": "Simple tone system",
"Acoma": "Complex tone system",
"Andoke": "Simple tone system",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "No tones",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No tones",
"Aghem": "Simple tone system",
"Ahtna": "No tones",
"Aikaná": "Simple tone system",
"Ainu": "Simple tone system",
... |
14A | Fixed Stress Locations | Phonology | Where is fixed stress located in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No fixed stress (mostly weight-sensitive stress); Initial - stress is on the first syllable; Second - stress is on the second syllable; Third - stress is on the third syllable; Antepenultimate - stress is on the antepenultimate (third from the right) syllable; Penultimate - stress is on the penultimate (second from the... | {
"Arabic (Beirut)": "No fixed stress (mostly weight-sensitive stress)",
"Abkhaz": "No fixed stress (mostly weight-sensitive stress)",
"Acehnese": "Ultimate - stress is on the ultimate (last) syllable",
"Achagua": "Initial - stress is on the first syllable",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No fixed stress (mostly weigh... |
15A | Weight-Sensitive Stress | Phonology | How is stress determined in weight-sensitive systems in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Left-edge - Stress is on the first or second syllable; Left-oriented - The third syllable is involved; Right-edge - Stress on ultimate or penultimate syllable; Right-oriented - The antepenultimate is involved; Unbounded - Stress can be anywhere in the word; Combined - Both Right-edge and unbounded; Not predictable; Fix... | {
"Arabic (Beirut)": "Right-oriented - The antepenultimate is involved",
"Abkhaz": "Not predictable",
"Acehnese": "Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity)",
"Achagua": "Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity)",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Right-oriented - The antepenultimate is involved",
"Arabic (Eastern Libyan)": "Ri... |
16A | Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems | Phonology | Which factors determine weight in weight-sensitive stress systems in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No weight, or weight factor unknown; Long vowel - long vowels are heavy for stress; Coda consonant - closed syllables are heavy for stress; Long vowel + Coda - long vowels or closed syllables; Prominence - other factors are heavy for stress; Lexical - lexical stress, diacritic weight; Combined - two of the above factor... | {
"Arabic (Beirut)": "Long vowel + Coda - long vowels or closed syllables",
"Abkhaz": "Lexical - lexical stress, diacritic weight",
"Acehnese": "Prominence - other factors are heavy for stress",
"Achagua": "No weight, or weight factor unknown",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Combined - two of the above factors determi... |
17A | Rhythm Types | Phonology | What is the rhythm type in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Trochaic - left-hand syllable in the foot is strong; Iambic - right-hand syllable in the foot is strong; Dual - system has both trochaic and iambic feet; Undetermined - no clear foot type; Absent - no rhythmic stress | {
"Arabic (Beirut)": "Trochaic - left-hand syllable in the foot is strong",
"Acehnese": "Trochaic - left-hand syllable in the foot is strong",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Trochaic - left-hand syllable in the foot is strong",
"Arabic (Eastern Libyan)": "Iambic - right-hand syllable in the foot is strong",
"Anguthimr... |
18A | Absence of Common Consonants | Phonology | Which common consonants are absent in the <LANGUAGE> language? | All present; No bilabials; No fricatives; No nasals; No bilabials or nasals; No fricatives or nasals | {
"Abipón": "All present",
"Abkhaz": "All present",
"Alabama": "All present",
"Aché": "All present",
"Achumawi": "All present",
"Acoma": "All present",
"Andoke": "No nasals",
"Adzera": "All present",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "All present",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "All present",
"Aghem": "All present",
"A... |
19A | Presence of Uncommon Consonants | Phonology | Which uncommon consonants are present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | None; Clicks; Labial-velars; Pharyngeals; Th' sounds; Clicks, pharyngeals, and 'th'; Pharyngeals and 'th' | {
"Abipón": "None",
"Abkhaz": "Pharyngeals",
"Alabama": "None",
"Aché": "None",
"Achumawi": "None",
"Acoma": "Th' sounds",
"Andoke": "None",
"Adzera": "None",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "Th' sounds",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Pharyngeals",
"Aghem": "Labial-velars",
"Ahtna": "None",
"Aikaná": "None",
"Ai... |
20A | Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Morphology | Which types of fusion of selected inflectional formatives are present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Exclusively concatenative; Exclusively isolating; Exclusively tonal; Tonal/isolating; Tonal/concatenative; Ablaut/concatenative; Isolating/concatenative | {
"Abipón": "Exclusively concatenative",
"Abkhaz": "Exclusively concatenative",
"Acoma": "Exclusively concatenative",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Ablaut/concatenative",
"Alamblak": "Exclusively concatenative",
"Amele": "Exclusively concatenative",
"Arrernte (Mparntwe)": "Exclusively concatenative",
"Araona": ... |
21A | Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Morphology | What is the exponence of selected inflectional formatives in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Monoexponential case; Case + number; Case + referentiality; Case + tense-aspect-mood; No case | {
"Abipón": "No case",
"Abkhaz": "No case",
"Acoma": "No case",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No case",
"Alamblak": "No case",
"Amele": "No case",
"Arrernte (Mparntwe)": "Monoexponential case",
"Araona": "Monoexponential case",
"Apurinã": "No case",
"Arapesh (Mountain)": "No case",
"Asmat": "No case",
"... |
21B | Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection | Morphology | What is the exponence of tense-aspect-mood formatives in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Monoexponential tense-aspect-mood; Tense-aspect-mood + agreement; Tense-aspect-mood + agreement + diathesis; Tense-aspect-mood + agreement + construct; Tense-aspect-mood + polarity; No tense-aspect-mood | {
"Abipón": "Monoexponential tense-aspect-mood",
"Abkhaz": "Monoexponential tense-aspect-mood",
"Acoma": "Tense-aspect-mood + agreement",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Tense-aspect-mood + agreement + diathesis",
"Alamblak": "Monoexponential tense-aspect-mood",
"Amele": "Monoexponential tense-aspect-mood",
"Arrern... |
22A | Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb | Morphology | What is the level of inflectional synthesis of the verb in the <LANGUAGE> language? | 0-1 category per word; 2-3 categories per word; 4-5 categories per word; 6-7 categories per word; 8-9 categories per word; 10-11 categories per word; 12-13 categories per word | {
"Abkhaz": "10-11 categories per word",
"Acoma": "4-5 categories per word",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "6-7 categories per word",
"Ainu": "4-5 categories per word",
"Alamblak": "10-11 categories per word",
"Amele": "6-7 categories per word",
"Arrernte (Mparntwe)": "4-5 categories per word",
"Apurinã": "6-7 c... |
23A | Locus of Marking in the Clause | Morphology | What is the locus of marking in transitive clauses in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Patient is head-marked; Patient is dependent-marked; Patient is double-marked; Patient has no marking; Other types | {
"Abkhaz": "Patient is head-marked",
"Acehnese": "Patient is head-marked",
"Acoma": "Patient is head-marked",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Patient has no marking",
"Ainu": "Patient has no marking",
"Alamblak": "Patient is head-marked",
"Ambulas": "Patient is dependent-marked",
"Amele": "Patient is head-marked... |
24A | Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases | Morphology | What is the locus of marking in possessive noun phrases in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Possessor is head-marked; Possessor is dependent-marked; Possessor is double-marked; Possessor has no marking; Other types | {
"Abkhaz": "Possessor is head-marked",
"Acehnese": "Possessor is head-marked",
"Acoma": "Possessor is head-marked",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Possessor has no marking",
"Ainu": "Possessor is head-marked",
"Alamblak": "Possessor is dependent-marked",
"Ambulas": "Possessor is dependent-marked",
"Amele": "Pos... |
25A | Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology | Morphology | What is the overall locus of marking in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Consistently head-marking; Consistently dependent-marking; Consistently double-marking; Consistently zero-marking; Inconsistent marking or other type | {
"Abkhaz": "Consistently head-marking",
"Acehnese": "Consistently head-marking",
"Acoma": "Consistently head-marking",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Inconsistent marking or other type",
"Ainu": "Inconsistent marking or other type",
"Alamblak": "Inconsistent marking or other type",
"Ambulas": "Consistently depend... |
25B | Zero Marking of A and P Arguments | Morphology | Does the <LANGUAGE> language have zero marking of subject and object in transitive clauses? | Zero-marking; Non-zero marking | {
"Abkhaz": "Non-zero marking",
"Acehnese": "Non-zero marking",
"Acoma": "Non-zero marking",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Non-zero marking",
"Ainu": "Non-zero marking",
"Alamblak": "Non-zero marking",
"Ambulas": "Non-zero marking",
"Amele": "Non-zero marking",
"Arrernte (Mparntwe)": "Non-zero marking",
"An... |
26A | Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Morphology | What is the balance between prefixing and suffixing in inflectional morphology in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Little or no inflectional morphology; Predominantly suffixing; Moderate preference for suffixing; Approximately equal amounts of suffixing and prefixing; Moderate preference for prefixing; Predominantly prefixing | {
"Aari": "Predominantly suffixing",
"Abipón": "Predominantly suffixing",
"Abkhaz": "Approximately equal amounts of suffixing and prefixing",
"Arabana": "Predominantly suffixing",
"Abun": "Little or no inflectional morphology",
"Abui": "Approximately equal amounts of suffixing and prefixing",
"Acehnese": ... |
27A | Reduplication | Morphology | How is reduplication expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Productive full and partial reduplication; Full reduplication only; No productive reduplication | {
"Abkhaz": "Productive full and partial reduplication",
"Alabama": "Productive full and partial reduplication",
"Andoke": "No productive reduplication",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Productive full and partial reduplication",
"Agta (Central)": "Productive full and partial reduplication",
"Aghul": "No productive r... |
28A | Case Syncretism | Morphology | How is case syncretism expressed in inflectional case marking in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Inflectional case marking is absent or minimal; Inflectional case marking is syncretic for core cases only; Inflectional case marking is syncretic for core and non-core cases; Inflectional case marking is never syncretic | {
"Abipón": "Inflectional case marking is absent or minimal",
"Abkhaz": "Inflectional case marking is absent or minimal",
"Acoma": "Inflectional case marking is absent or minimal",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Inflectional case marking is absent or minimal",
"Ainu": "Inflectional case marking is absent or minimal",
... |
29A | Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking | Morphology | What is the pattern of subject person/number marking in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No subject person/number marking; Subject person/number marking is syncretic; Subject person/number marking is never syncretic | {
"Abipón": "Subject person/number marking is syncretic",
"Abkhaz": "Subject person/number marking is never syncretic",
"Acoma": "Subject person/number marking is never syncretic",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Subject person/number marking is syncretic",
"Ainu": "Subject person/number marking is never syncretic",
... |
30A | Number of Genders | Nominal Categories | How many genders are present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | None; Two; Three; Four; Five or more | {
"Abkhaz": "Three",
"Arabana": "None",
"Arbore": "Two",
"Acoma": "None",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Two",
"Alagwa": "Two",
"Ainu": "None",
"Alamblak": "Two",
"Aleut": "None",
"Amele": "None",
"Amharic": "Two",
"Apurinã": "Two",
"Archi": "Four",
"Arabic (Gulf)": "Two",
"Armenian (Eastern)": "No... |
31A | Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | Nominal Categories | Which type of gender system is present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No gender system; Sex-based gender system; Non-sex-based gender system | {
"Abkhaz": "Sex-based gender system",
"Arabana": "No gender system",
"Arbore": "Sex-based gender system",
"Acoma": "No gender system",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Sex-based gender system",
"Alagwa": "Sex-based gender system",
"Ainu": "No gender system",
"Alamblak": "Sex-based gender system",
"Aleut": "No g... |
32A | Systems of Gender Assignment | Nominal Categories | How are genders assigned in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No gender system; Semantic assignment; Semantic and formal assignment | {
"Abkhaz": "Semantic assignment",
"Arabana": "No gender system",
"Arbore": "Semantic and formal assignment",
"Acoma": "No gender system",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Semantic and formal assignment",
"Alagwa": "Semantic and formal assignment",
"Ainu": "No gender system",
"Alamblak": "Semantic assignment",
"... |
33A | Coding of Nominal Plurality | Nominal Categories | How is nominal plurality expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Plural prefix; Plural suffix; Plural stem change; Plural tone; Plural by complete reduplication of stem; Morphological plural with no method primary; Plural word; Plural clitic; No plural | {
"Aari": "No plural",
"Abipón": "Plural suffix",
"Abkhaz": "Plural suffix",
"Arabana": "Plural suffix",
"Abun": "No plural",
"Abui": "Plural word",
"Acehnese": "No plural",
"Achagua": "Plural suffix",
"Acholi": "Morphological plural with no method primary",
"Acoma": "Plural suffix",
"Adang": "No ... |
34A | Occurrence of Nominal Plurality | Nominal Categories | How frequently is nominal plurality marked in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No nominal plural; Plural only in human nouns, optional; Plural only in human nouns, obligatory; Plural in all nouns, always optional; Plural in all nouns, optional in inanimates; Plural in all nouns, always obligatory | {
"Abkhaz": "Plural in all nouns, always obligatory",
"Abun": "No nominal plural",
"Acehnese": "No nominal plural",
"Acoma": "Plural in all nouns, always optional",
"Adyghe (Abzakh)": "Plural in all nouns, always obligatory",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Plural in all nouns, always obligatory",
"Ainu": "Plural i... |
35A | Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns | Nominal Categories | How is plurality marked in independent personal pronouns in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No independent subject pronouns; Number-indifferent pronouns; Person-number affixes; Person-number stem; Person-number stem with a pronominal plural affix; Person-number stem with a nominal plural affix; Person stem with a pronominal plural affix; Person stem with a nominal plural affix | {
"Abipón": "Person-number stem",
"Abkhaz": "Person-number stem",
"Arabana": "Person-number stem",
"Acoma": "No independent subject pronouns",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Person-number stem",
"Ainu": "Person-number affixes",
"Alamblak": "Person-number stem with a nominal plural affix",
"Aleut": "Person-number... |
36A | The Associative Plural | Nominal Categories | How is the associative plural marked in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals; Special bound associative plural marker; Special non-bound associative plural marker; Associative plural absent | {
"Abkhaz": "Special bound associative plural marker",
"Acoma": "Associative plural absent",
"Adyghe (Temirgoy)": "Special non-bound associative plural marker",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Associative plural absent",
"Afrikaans": "Special non-bound associative plural marker",
"Aghul": "Associative plural marker a... |
37A | Definite Articles | Nominal Categories | How is definiteness marked in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Definite word distinct from demonstrative; Demonstrative word used as marker of definiteness; Definite affix on noun; No definite article but indefinite article; Neither definite nor indefinite article | {
"Aari": "Definite affix on noun",
"Abkhaz": "Definite word distinct from demonstrative",
"Abun": "Demonstrative word used as marker of definiteness",
"Acehnese": "Neither definite nor indefinite article",
"Acholi": "Definite affix on noun",
"Acoma": "Neither definite nor indefinite article",
"Adang": "D... |
38A | Indefinite Articles | Nominal Categories | How is indefiniteness marked in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'; Numeral for 'one' is used as indefinite article; Indefinite affix on noun; No indefinite article but definite article; Neither indefinite nor definite | {
"Aari": "No indefinite article but definite article",
"Abkhaz": "Numeral for 'one' is used as indefinite article",
"Abun": "Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'",
"Acehnese": "Neither indefinite nor definite",
"Acoma": "Neither indefinite nor definite",
"Adioukrou": "No indefinite article but d... |
39A | Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | Nominal Categories | How are inclusive/exclusive distinctions expressed in independent pronouns in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No grammaticalised marking at all; We' and 'I' identical; No inclusive/exclusive opposition; Only inclusive differentiated; Inclusive and exclusive differentiated | {
"Abipón": "No inclusive/exclusive opposition",
"Abkhaz": "Inclusive and exclusive differentiated",
"Acoma": "No grammaticalised marking at all",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No inclusive/exclusive opposition",
"Ainu": "Inclusive and exclusive differentiated",
"Alamblak": "No inclusive/exclusive opposition",
"A... |
39B | Inclusive/Exclusive Forms in Pama-Nyungan | Nominal Categories | Are inclusive and exclusive forms distinguished in pronouns in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No inclusive/exclusive opposition; Inclusive and exclusive differentiated | {
"Arabana": "Inclusive and exclusive differentiated",
"Anguthimri": "Inclusive and exclusive differentiated",
"Alyawarra": "Inclusive and exclusive differentiated",
"Arrernte (Mparntwe)": "No inclusive/exclusive opposition",
"Arrernte": "No inclusive/exclusive opposition",
"Biri": "No inclusive/exclusive o... |
40A | Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection | Nominal Categories | How are inclusive/exclusive distinctions marked in verbal inflection in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No person marking at all; We' and 'I' identical; No inclusive/exclusive opposition; Only inclusive differentiated; Inclusive and exclusive differentiated | {
"Abipón": "We' and 'I' identical",
"Abkhaz": "No inclusive/exclusive opposition",
"Acoma": "We' and 'I' identical",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No inclusive/exclusive opposition",
"Ainu": "Inclusive and exclusive differentiated",
"Alamblak": "No inclusive/exclusive opposition",
"Amele": "No inclusive/exclusiv... |
41A | Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives | Nominal Categories | How many distance contrasts are marked in demonstratives in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No distance contrast; Two-way contrast; Three-way contrast; Four-way contrast; Five (or more)-way contrast | {
"Abkhaz": "Two-way contrast",
"Arabana": "Three-way contrast",
"Acehnese": "Three-way contrast",
"Acoma": "Three-way contrast",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Two-way contrast",
"Afrikaans": "Two-way contrast",
"Ainu": "Two-way contrast",
"Alamblak": "Two-way contrast",
"Alyawarra": "Three-way contrast",
"... |
42A | Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives | Nominal Categories | How are pronominal and adnominal demonstratives used in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Same forms; Different stems; Different inflectional features | {
"Abkhaz": "Same forms",
"Arabana": "Same forms",
"Acehnese": "Same forms",
"Acoma": "Same forms",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Same forms",
"Afrikaans": "Same forms",
"Ainu": "Different stems",
"Alamblak": "Same forms",
"Alyawarra": "Same forms",
"Ambulas": "Different stems",
"Amele": "Same forms",
"... |
43A | Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives | Nominal Categories | How are third-person pronouns related to demonstratives in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives; Third person pronouns and demonstratives are related to all demonstratives; Third person pronouns and demonstratives are related to remote demonstratives; Third person pronouns and demonstratives are related to non-remote demonstratives; Third pe... | {
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Third person pronouns and demonstratives are related by gender markers",
"Angami": "Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives",
"Ainu": "Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives",
"Alamblak": "Third person pronouns and demons... |
44A | Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns | Nominal Categories | How are gender distinctions expressed in personal pronouns in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person; Gender distinctions in 3rd person only, but in both singular and non-singular; Gender distinctions in 3rd person singular only; Gender distinctions in 1st or 2nd person but not 3rd; Gender distinctions in 3rd person non-singular only; No gender distinctions | {
"Abipón": "No gender distinctions",
"Abkhaz": "Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person",
"Arabana": "No gender distinctions",
"Abun": "Gender distinctions in 3rd person singular only",
"Acehnese": "No gender distinctions",
"Achumawi": "No gender distinctions",
"Adzera": "No gender d... |
45A | Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns | Nominal Categories | How are politeness distinctions encoded in pronouns in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction; Second person pronouns encode a binary politeness distinction; Second person pronouns encode multiple politeness distinctions; Second person pronouns are dominantly avoided for politeness reasons | {
"Abun": "Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction",
"Acoma": "Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction",
"Angolar": "Second person pronouns encode a binary politeness distinction",
"Ainu": "Second p... |
46A | Indefinite Pronouns | Nominal Categories | How are indefinite pronouns formed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Interrogative-based indefinites; Generic-noun-based indefinites; Special indefinites; Mixed indefinites; Existential construction | {
"Abkhaz": "Special indefinites",
"Alabama": "Interrogative-based indefinites",
"Abun": "Generic-noun-based indefinites",
"Acehnese": "Interrogative-based indefinites",
"Acoma": "Interrogative-based indefinites",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Generic-noun-based indefinites",
"Anguthimri": "Interrogative-based in... |
47A | Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns | Nominal Categories | What is the formal relationship between intensifiers and reflexive pronouns in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally identical; Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated | {
"Abkhaz": "Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated",
"Afrikaans": "Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally identical",
"Alamblak": "Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally identical",
"Amele": "Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally identical",
"Amharic": ... |
48A | Person Marking on Adpositions | Nominal Categories | How is person marking expressed in relation to adpositions in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No adpositions; Adpositions without person marking; Person marking for pronouns only; Person marking for pronouns and nouns | {
"Abipón": "Adpositions without person marking",
"Abkhaz": "Person marking for pronouns and nouns",
"Arabana": "No adpositions",
"Abun": "Adpositions without person marking",
"Acehnese": "Adpositions without person marking",
"Achumawi": "No adpositions",
"Acoma": "Adpositions without person marking",
"... |
49A | Number of Cases | Nominal Categories | How many case categories are present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No morphological case-marking; 2 case categories; 3 case categories; 4 case categories; 5 case categories; 6-7 case categories; 8-9 case categories; 10 or more case categories; Exclusively borderline morphological case-marking | {
"Abipón": "No morphological case-marking",
"Abkhaz": "2 case categories",
"Acoma": "No morphological case-marking",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No morphological case-marking",
"Ainu": "Exclusively borderline morphological case-marking",
"Alamblak": "8-9 case categories",
"Albanian": "4 case categories",
"Al... |
50A | Asymmetrical Case-Marking | Nominal Categories | How is case marking patterned in terms of symmetry in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No morphological case-marking; Symmetrical case-marking; Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical case-marking; Subtractive-quantitatively asymmetrical case-marking; Qualitatively asymmetrical case-marking; Syncretism in relevant noun phrase types | {
"Abipón": "No morphological case-marking",
"Abkhaz": "Symmetrical case-marking",
"Acoma": "No morphological case-marking",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No morphological case-marking",
"Ainu": "Symmetrical case-marking",
"Alamblak": "Symmetrical case-marking",
"Albanian": "Syncretism in relevant noun phrase typ... |
51A | Position of Case Affixes | Nominal Categories | Where are case affixes positioned in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Case suffixes; Case prefixes; Case coded by tone; Case coded by changes within noun stem; Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary; Postpositional clitics; Prepositional clitics; Inpositional clitics; Neither case affixes nor adpositional clitics | {
"Aari": "Case suffixes",
"Abipón": "Neither case affixes nor adpositional clitics",
"Abkhaz": "Neither case affixes nor adpositional clitics",
"Arabana": "Case suffixes",
"Abun": "Neither case affixes nor adpositional clitics",
"Abui": "Neither case affixes nor adpositional clitics",
"Acehnese": "Neithe... |
52A | Comitatives and Instrumentals | Nominal Categories | How are comitative and instrumental relations expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Identity; Differentiation; Mixed | {
"Abkhaz": "Differentiation",
"Achagua": "Differentiation",
"Acholi": "Identity",
"Acoma": "Differentiation",
"Andoke": "Identity",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Differentiation",
"Afrikaans": "Identity",
"Anguthimri": "Differentiation",
"Ainu": "Differentiation",
"Alamblak": "Differentiation",
"Albanian... |
53A | Ordinal Numerals | Nominal Categories | How are ordinal numerals formed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Zero - Ordinal numerals do not exist; One - No distinction of cardinal and ordinal numerals; First - Cardinal and ordinal numerals are identical except for 'one' and 'first'; Ordinals are derived from cardinals; All ordinal numerals are derived from cardinal numerals with different allomorphs for 'first' one of which i... | {
"Abkhaz": "All ordinal numerals are derived from cardinal numerals with different allomorphs for 'first' one of which is morphologically independent of 'one'",
"Arabana": "Zero - Ordinal numerals do not exist",
"Achí": "Ordinal numerals from 'two' upwards are derived from cardinal numerals, 'first' is suppletiv... |
54A | Distributive Numerals | Nominal Categories | How are distributive numerals expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No distributive numerals; Marked by reduplication; Marked by prefix; Marked by suffix; Marked by preceding word; Marked by following word; Marked by mixed or other strategies | {
"Abkhaz": "Marked by mixed or other strategies",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No distributive numerals",
"Afrikaans": "No distributive numerals",
"Aghul": "Marked by mixed or other strategies",
"Angami": "Marked by reduplication",
"Ainu": "Marked by following word",
"Akan": "Marked by reduplication",
"Arabic... |
55A | Numeral Classifiers | Nominal Categories | Are numeral classifiers present in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Numeral classifiers are absent; Numeral classifiers are optional; Numeral classifiers are obligatory | {
"Abkhaz": "Numeral classifiers are absent",
"Arbore": "Numeral classifiers are absent",
"Abun": "Numeral classifiers are obligatory",
"Acoma": "Numeral classifiers are absent",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Numeral classifiers are absent",
"Alagwa": "Numeral classifiers are absent",
"Ainu": "Numeral classifiers... |
56A | Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers | Nominal Categories | How are conjunctions and universal quantifiers expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Formally different; Formally similar, not involving interrogative expression; Formally similar, involving interrogative expression | {
"Abun": "Formally similar, not involving interrogative expression",
"Ainu": "Formally similar, involving interrogative expression",
"Amele": "Formally similar, not involving interrogative expression",
"Arabic (Moroccan)": "Formally different",
"Armenian (Eastern)": "Formally different",
"Arabic (Borno Nig... |
57A | Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes | Nominal Categories | Where are pronominal possessive affixes positioned in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Possessive prefixes; Possessive suffixes; Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary; No possessive affixes | {
"Aari": "No possessive affixes",
"Abipón": "Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary",
"Abkhaz": "Possessive prefixes",
"Abui": "Possessive prefixes",
"Acehnese": "No possessive affixes",
"Achagua": "Possessive prefixes",
"Acholi": "Possessive suffixes",
"Acoma": "Possess... |
58A | Obligatory Possessive Inflection | Nominal Syntax | Are there obligatorily possessed nouns in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Obligatorily possessed nouns exist; No obligatorily possessed nouns | {
"Abkhaz": "No obligatorily possessed nouns",
"Acoma": "Obligatorily possessed nouns exist",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No obligatorily possessed nouns",
"Ainu": "No obligatorily possessed nouns",
"Alamblak": "No obligatorily possessed nouns",
"Alawa": "No obligatorily possessed nouns",
"Amele": "No obligator... |
58B | Number of Possessive Nouns | Nominal Syntax | How many possessive classifier nouns exist in the <LANGUAGE> language? | None reported; One; Two to four; Five or more | {
"Abkhaz": "None reported",
"Acoma": "None reported",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "None reported",
"Ainu": "None reported",
"Alamblak": "None reported",
"Alawa": "None reported",
"Amele": "None reported",
"Amharic": "None reported",
"Arrernte (Mparntwe)": "None reported",
"Anêm": "None reported",
"Apuri... |
59A | Possessive Classification | Nominal Syntax | How is possessive classification by nouns implemented in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No possessive classification; Two classes; Three to five classes; More than five classes | {
"Abkhaz": "No possessive classification",
"Acoma": "No possessive classification",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No possessive classification",
"Ainu": "No possessive classification",
"Alamblak": "No possessive classification",
"Alawa": "Two classes",
"Amele": "More than five classes",
"Amharic": "No possessi... |
60A | Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses | Nominal Syntax | How are genitives, adjectives, and relative clauses expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Weakly differentiated; Moderately differentiated, with genitives and adjectives collapsed; Moderately differentiated, with genitives and relative clauses collapsed; Moderately differentiated, with adjectives and relative clauses collapsed; Moderately differentiated in other ways; Highly differentiated | {
"Abkhaz": "Highly differentiated",
"Abun": "Highly differentiated",
"Alagwa": "Highly differentiated",
"Ainu": "Moderately differentiated, with adjectives and relative clauses collapsed",
"Albanian": "Highly differentiated",
"Amele": "Moderately differentiated, with adjectives and relative clauses collaps... |
61A | Adjectives without Nouns | Nominal Syntax | How can adjectives occur without nouns in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Adjective may not occur without noun; Adjective may occur without noun, and without marking; Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by prefix; Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix; Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by preceding word; Adjective may occur with... | {
"Abkhaz": "Adjective may occur without noun, and without marking",
"Alagwa": "Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by preceding word",
"Albanian": "Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by preceding word",
"Alyawarra": "Adjective may occur without noun, and without marking",
... |
62A | Action Nominal Constructions | Nominal Syntax | How are action nominal constructions marked in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Sentential - dependent-marking of the finite clause is retained for the single argument, the agent, and the patient; Possessive-Accusative - the single argument and the agent are treated as possessors, while the patient retains sentential marking; Ergative-Possessive - the single argument and the patient are treated as... | {
"Abkhaz": "Ergative-Possessive - the single argument and the patient are treated as possessors, while the agent is treated differently",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Mixed - Several patterns in the same language",
"Aghul": "Mixed - Several patterns in the same language",
"Alamblak": "No action nominals",
"Albanian... |
63A | Noun Phrase Conjunction | Nominal Syntax | How is noun phrase conjunction expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | AND-languages - 'and' and 'with' are not identical; WITH-languages - 'and' and 'with' are identical | {
"Abkhaz": "AND-languages - 'and' and 'with' are not identical",
"Alabama": "AND-languages - 'and' and 'with' are not identical",
"Acehnese": "WITH-languages - 'and' and 'with' are identical",
"Acholi": "WITH-languages - 'and' and 'with' are identical",
"Andoke": "AND-languages - 'and' and 'with' are not ide... |
64A | Nominal and Verbal Conjunction | Nominal Syntax | How are nominal and verbal conjunctions expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Nominal and verbal conjunction are largely identical; Nominal and verbal conjunction are different; Nominal and verbal conjunction are primarily expressed by juxtaposition | {
"Abkhaz": "Nominal and verbal conjunction are largely identical",
"Abun": "Nominal and verbal conjunction are largely identical",
"Acehnese": "Nominal and verbal conjunction are largely identical",
"Acoma": "Nominal and verbal conjunction are largely identical",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Nominal and verbal conj... |
65A | Perfective/Imperfective Aspect | Verbal Categories | How does the language mark the distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction; No grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction | {
"Abipón": "No grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction",
"Abkhaz": "Grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction",
"Acoma": "No grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction",
"Afr... |
66A | The Past Tense | Verbal Categories | How is the past vs. non-past tense distinction expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Past/non-past distinction marked - no remoteness distinction; Past/non-past distinction marked - 2-3 degrees of remoteness distinguished; Past/non-past distinction marked - at least 4 degrees of remoteness distinguished; No grammatical marking of past/non-past distinction | {
"Abipón": "No grammatical marking of past/non-past distinction",
"Abkhaz": "Past/non-past distinction marked - no remoteness distinction",
"Acoma": "No grammatical marking of past/non-past distinction",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Past/non-past distinction marked - no remoteness distinction",
"Afrikaans": "Past/n... |
67A | The Future Tense | Verbal Categories | How is the future tense expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction; No inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction | {
"Abipón": "No inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction",
"Abkhaz": "Inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction",
"Acoma": "No inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction",
"Afrikaans": "No inflect... |
68A | The Perfect | Verbal Categories | How is the perfect aspect expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Perfect of the 'have'-type (derived from a possessive construction); Perfect derived from word meaning 'finish' or 'already'; Other perfect; No perfect | {
"Abipón": "No perfect",
"Abkhaz": "Other perfect",
"Acoma": "No perfect",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No perfect",
"Afrikaans": "Perfect derived from word meaning 'finish' or 'already'",
"Ainu": "No perfect",
"Akan": "Other perfect",
"Alamblak": "No perfect",
"Alawa": "No perfect",
"Alyawarra": "Other p... |
69A | Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | Verbal Categories | Where are tense-aspect affixes positioned in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Tense-aspect prefixes; Tense-aspect suffixes; Tense-aspect tone; Combination of tense-aspect strategies with none primary; No tense-aspect inflection | {
"Aari": "Tense-aspect suffixes",
"Abipón": "Tense-aspect suffixes",
"Abkhaz": "Tense-aspect suffixes",
"Arabana": "Tense-aspect suffixes",
"Abun": "No tense-aspect inflection",
"Abui": "Tense-aspect suffixes",
"Acehnese": "No tense-aspect inflection",
"Achagua": "Tense-aspect suffixes",
"Acholi": "T... |
70A | The Morphological Imperative | Verbal Categories | How is the imperative form expressed morphologically in the <LANGUAGE> language? | The language has morphologically dedicated second singular as well as second plural imperatives; The language has morphologically dedicated second singular imperatives but no morphologically dedicated second plural imperatives; The language has morphologically dedicated second plural imperatives but no morphologically ... | {
"Arabic (Chadian)": "The language has morphologically dedicated second singular as well as second plural imperatives",
"Abkhaz": "The language has morphologically dedicated second singular as well as second plural imperatives",
"Abun": "The language has no morphologically dedicated second-person imperatives at ... |
71A | The Prohibitive | Verbal Categories | How is the prohibitive expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | The prohibitive uses the verbal construction of the second singular imperative and a sentential negative strategy found in (indicative) declaratives; The prohbitive uses the verbal construction of the second singular imperative and a sentential negative strategy not found in (indicative) declaratives; The prohibitive u... | {
"Arabic (Chadian)": "The prohibitive uses a verbal construction other than the second singular imperative and a sentential negative strategy found in (indicative) declaratives",
"Abkhaz": "The prohibitive uses a verbal construction other than the second singular imperative and a sentential negative strategy found... |
72A | Imperative-Hortative Systems | Verbal Categories | What are the features of imperative-hortative systems in the <LANGUAGE> language? | The language has a maximal system, but not a minimal one; The language has a minimal system, but not a maximal one; The language has both a maximal and a minimal system; The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system | {
"Abkhaz": "The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system",
"Acoma": "The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system",
"Achuar": "The language has a maximal system, but not a minimal one",
"Aleut (Eastern)": "The language has a maximal system, but not a minimal one",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "... |
73A | The Optative | Verbal Categories | How is the optative expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Inflectional optative present; Inflectional optative absent | {
"Abkhaz": "Inflectional optative present",
"Abaza": "Inflectional optative present",
"Acoma": "Inflectional optative absent",
"Adyghe (Temirgoy)": "Inflectional optative present",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Inflectional optative absent",
"Aghul": "Inflectional optative present",
"Ainu": "Inflectional optativ... |
74A | Situational Possibility | Verbal Categories | How is situational possibility expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs; The language cannot express situational possibility with affixes on verbs, but with verbal constructions; The language cannot express situational possibility with affixes on verbs or with verbal constructions, but with other kinds of markers | {
"Abkhaz": "The language cannot express situational possibility with affixes on verbs, but with verbal constructions",
"Acehnese": "The language cannot express situational possibility with affixes on verbs, but with verbal constructions",
"Acoma": "The language can express situational possibility with affixes on... |
75A | Epistemic Possibility | Verbal Categories | How is epistemic possibility expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | The language can express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions; The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs; The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions or with affixes on verbs, but with other kinds of markers | {
"Abkhaz": "The language can express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions",
"Acehnese": "The language can express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions",
"Acoma": "The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": ... |
76A | Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking | Verbal Categories | Can the same markers express both situational and epistemic modality in the <LANGUAGE> language? | The language has markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality, both for possibility and necessity; The language has markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality, but only for possibility or for necessity; The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality | {
"Abkhaz": "The language has markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality, but only for possibility or for necessity",
"Acehnese": "The language has markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality, but only for possibility or for necessity",
"Acoma": "The language has no markers th... |
77A | Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality | Verbal Categories | What are the semantic distinctions of evidentiality in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No grammatical evidentials; Only indirect evidentials; Both direct and indirect evidentials | {
"Abipón": "No grammatical evidentials",
"Abkhaz": "Only indirect evidentials",
"Alabama": "Only indirect evidentials",
"Achumawi": "Only indirect evidentials",
"Acoma": "Both direct and indirect evidentials",
"Andoke": "Both direct and indirect evidentials",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No grammatical evidenti... |
78A | Coding of Evidentiality | Verbal Categories | How is evidentiality coded in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No grammatical evidentials; Verbal affix or clitic; Part of the tense system; Separate particle; Modal morpheme; Mixed systems | {
"Abipón": "No grammatical evidentials",
"Abkhaz": "Verbal affix or clitic",
"Alabama": "Verbal affix or clitic",
"Achumawi": "Verbal affix or clitic",
"Acoma": "Verbal affix or clitic",
"Andoke": "Verbal affix or clitic",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No grammatical evidentials",
"Afrikaans": "Separate partic... |
79A | Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect | Verbal Categories | How is suppletion based on tense or aspect expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Suppletion according to tense; Suppletion according to aspect; Suppletion in both tense and aspect; No suppletion in tense or aspect | {
"Abkhaz": "Suppletion according to tense",
"Arabana": "No suppletion in tense or aspect",
"Acoma": "No suppletion in tense or aspect",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No suppletion in tense or aspect",
"Alagwa": "No suppletion in tense or aspect",
"Ainu": "No suppletion in tense or aspect",
"Alamblak": "Suppletio... |
79B | Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives | Verbal Categories | How is suppletion in imperative and hortative forms expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | A regular and a suppletive form alternate; Imperative; Hortative; Imperative and Hortative; None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) | {
"Abkhaz": "None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material)",
"Arabana": "None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material)",
"Acoma": "Hortative",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "Imperative",
"Alagwa": "Imperative and Hortative",
"Ainu": "None (= no suppletive imperatives r... |
80A | Verbal Number and Suppletion | Verbal Categories | How is verbal number expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | No singular-(dual)-plural pairs/triples; Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion; Singular-plural pairs, suppletion; Singular-dual-plural triples, no suppletion; Singular-dual-plural triples, suppletion | {
"Abkhaz": "No singular-(dual)-plural pairs/triples",
"Arabana": "No singular-(dual)-plural pairs/triples",
"Acoma": "No singular-(dual)-plural pairs/triples",
"Arabic (Egyptian)": "No singular-(dual)-plural pairs/triples",
"Alagwa": "No singular-(dual)-plural pairs/triples",
"Ainu": "Singular-plural pairs... |
81A | Order of Subject, Object and Verb | Word Order | What is the order of subject, object and verb in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Subject-object-verb; Subject-verb-object; Verb-subject-object; Verb-object-subject; Object-verb-subject; Object-subject-verb; Lacking a dominant word order | {
"Arapesh (Abu)": "Subject-verb-object",
"Abau": "Subject-object-verb",
"Abipón": "Subject-verb-object",
"Abkhaz": "Subject-object-verb",
"Arabana": "Subject-object-verb",
"Arbore": "Subject-object-verb",
"Abun": "Subject-verb-object",
"Abui": "Subject-object-verb",
"Acehnese": "Lacking a dominant wo... |
81B | Languages with two Dominant Orders of Subject, Object, and Verb | Word Order | Does the <LANGUAGE> language have two dominant orders of subject, object and verb? | Subject-object-verb or Subject-verb-object; Verb-subject-object or Verb-object-subject; Subject-verb-object or Verb-subject-object; Subject-verb-object or Verb-object-subject; Subject-object-verb or Object-verb-subject | {
"Ajagbe": "Subject-object-verb or Subject-verb-object",
"Amis": "Verb-subject-object or Verb-object-subject",
"Apalaí": "Subject-object-verb or Object-verb-subject",
"Armenian (Eastern)": "Subject-object-verb or Subject-verb-object",
"Arabic (Syrian)": "Subject-verb-object or Verb-subject-object",
"Avokay... |
82A | Order of Subject and Verb | Word Order | What is the order of subject and verb in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Subject precedes verb; Subject follows verb; Both orders with neither order dominant | {
"Arapesh (Abu)": "Subject precedes verb",
"Aari": "Subject precedes verb",
"Abau": "Subject precedes verb",
"Abipón": "Subject precedes verb",
"Abkhaz": "Subject precedes verb",
"Arabana": "Subject precedes verb",
"Arbore": "Subject precedes verb",
"Abun": "Subject precedes verb",
"Abui": "Subject p... |
83A | Order of Object and Verb | Word Order | What is the order of object and verb in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Object precedes verb; Object follows verb; Both orders with neither order dominant | {
"Arapesh (Abu)": "Object follows verb",
"Aari": "Object precedes verb",
"Abau": "Object precedes verb",
"Abipón": "Object follows verb",
"Abkhaz": "Object precedes verb",
"Arabana": "Object precedes verb",
"Arbore": "Object precedes verb",
"Abun": "Object follows verb",
"Abui": "Object precedes verb... |
84A | Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb | Word Order | What is the order of object, oblique and verb in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Verb-object-oblique; Oblique-verb-object; Oblique-object-verb; Object-oblique-verb; Object-verb-oblique; More than one order with none dominant | {
"Abipón": "Verb-object-oblique",
"Abkhaz": "Oblique-object-verb",
"Abun": "Verb-object-oblique",
"Acehnese": "More than one order with none dominant",
"Achumawi": "More than one order with none dominant",
"Acoma": "More than one order with none dominant",
"Adioukrou": "Verb-object-oblique",
"Adynyamat... |
85A | Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | Word Order | What is the order of adposition and noun phrase in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Postpositions; Prepositions; Inpositions; More than one adposition type with none dominant; No adpositions | {
"Aari": "Postpositions",
"Abau": "Postpositions",
"Abipón": "Prepositions",
"Abkhaz": "Postpositions",
"Abun": "Prepositions",
"Abui": "No adpositions",
"Acehnese": "Prepositions",
"Achagua": "Postpositions",
"Acholi": "Prepositions",
"Achumawi": "Prepositions",
"Achang": "Postpositions",
"Aco... |
86A | Order of Genitive and Noun | Word Order | What is the order of genitive and noun in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Genitive-noun; Noun-genitive; Both orders occur with neither order dominant | {
"Aari": "Genitive-noun",
"Abau": "Genitive-noun",
"Abipón": "Both orders occur with neither order dominant",
"Abkhaz": "Genitive-noun",
"Arabana": "Both orders occur with neither order dominant",
"Arbore": "Noun-genitive",
"Abun": "Genitive-noun",
"Abui": "Genitive-noun",
"Acehnese": "Noun-genitive"... |
87A | Order of Adjective and Noun | Word Order | What is the order of adjective and noun in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Modifying adjective precedes noun; Modifying adjective follows noun; Both orders of noun and modifying adjective occur, with neither dominant; Adjectives do not modify nouns, occurring as predicates in internally headed relative clauses | {
"Arapesh (Abu)": "Modifying adjective follows noun",
"Aari": "Modifying adjective follows noun",
"Abipón": "Both orders of noun and modifying adjective occur, with neither dominant",
"Abkhaz": "Modifying adjective follows noun",
"Arabana": "Modifying adjective follows noun",
"Arbore": "Modifying adjective... |
88A | Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Word Order | What is the order of demonstrative and noun in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Demonstrative word precedes noun; Demonstrative word follows noun; Demonstrative prefix on noun; Demonstrative suffix on noun; Demonstrative simultaneously before and after noun; Two or more of above types with none dominant | {
"Arapesh (Abu)": "Demonstrative word follows noun",
"Aari": "Demonstrative word follows noun",
"Abau": "Demonstrative word follows noun",
"Abipón": "Demonstrative word precedes noun",
"Abkhaz": "Demonstrative word precedes noun",
"Abun": "Demonstrative word follows noun",
"Abui": "Demonstrative word pre... |
89A | Order of Numeral and Noun | Word Order | What is the order of numeral and noun in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Numeral precedes noun; Numeral follows noun; Both orders of numeral and noun with neither order dominant; Numeral only modifies verb | {
"Arapesh (Abu)": "Numeral follows noun",
"Aari": "Numeral follows noun",
"Abau": "Numeral follows noun",
"Abkhaz": "Both orders of numeral and noun with neither order dominant",
"Arbore": "Numeral follows noun",
"Abun": "Numeral follows noun",
"Abui": "Numeral follows noun",
"Acehnese": "Numeral prece... |
90A | Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Word Order | What is the order of relative clause and noun in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Relative clause follows noun; Relative clause precedes noun; Internally-headed relative clause; Correlative relative clause; Adjoined relative clause; Double-headed relative clause; Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant | {
"Aari": "Relative clause follows noun",
"Abipón": "Relative clause follows noun",
"Abkhaz": "Relative clause precedes noun",
"Arbore": "Relative clause follows noun",
"Abun": "Relative clause follows noun",
"Abui": "Relative clause follows noun",
"Acehnese": "Relative clause follows noun",
"Achagua": ... |
90B | Prenominal relative clauses | Word Order | Where do prenominal relative clauses appear relative to the noun in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Relative clause-noun dominant; Relative clause-noun or noun-relative clause; Relative clause-noun or internally headed; Relative clause-noun or correlative; Relative clause-noun or double-headed | {
"Abkhaz": "Relative clause-noun dominant",
"Achang": "Relative clause-noun dominant",
"Ainu": "Relative clause-noun dominant",
"Akha": "Relative clause-noun dominant",
"Alamblak": "Relative clause-noun dominant",
"Ambulas": "Relative clause-noun dominant",
"Amharic": "Relative clause-noun dominant",
"... |
90C | Postnominal relative clauses | Word Order | Where do postnominal relative clauses appear relative to the noun in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Noun-relative clause dominant; Noun-relative clause or relative clause-noun; Noun-relative clause or internally headed; Noun-relative clause or correlative | {
"Aari": "Noun-relative clause dominant",
"Abipón": "Noun-relative clause dominant",
"Arbore": "Noun-relative clause dominant",
"Abun": "Noun-relative clause dominant",
"Abui": "Noun-relative clause dominant",
"Acehnese": "Noun-relative clause dominant",
"Achagua": "Noun-relative clause dominant",
"Ach... |
90D | Internally-headed relative clauses | Word Order | How are internally-headed relative clauses expressed in the <LANGUAGE> language? | Internally headed relative clause dominant; Internally headed or relative clause-noun; Internally headed or noun-relative clause; Internally-headed or correlative; Internally-headed or double-headed; Internally-headed occurs as nondominant type; Internally-headed exists | {
"Amdo (Themchen)": "Internally headed or relative clause-noun",
"Ao": "Internally headed or relative clause-noun",
"Athpare": "Internally-headed occurs as nondominant type",
"Bawm": "Internally headed or relative clause-noun",
"Belhare": "Internally-headed occurs as nondominant type",
"Byansi": "Internall... |
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