Datasets:

Tasks:
Other
Modalities:
Text
Languages:
English
ArXiv:
Libraries:
Datasets
License:
Sebastian Gehrmann commited on
Commit
8a59925
·
1 Parent(s): 85937d1

data card.

Browse files
Files changed (1) hide show
  1. README.md +501 -123
README.md CHANGED
@@ -1,114 +1,212 @@
1
  ---
2
- pretty_name: SQuAD2.0
3
  annotations_creators:
4
- - crowdsourced
5
  language_creators:
6
- - crowdsourced
7
  languages:
8
- - en
9
  licenses:
10
  - cc-by-sa-4.0
11
  multilinguality:
12
- - monolingual
 
13
  size_categories:
14
- - 100K<n<1M
15
  source_datasets:
16
  - original
17
  task_categories:
18
- - question-answering
19
  - question-generation
20
  task_ids:
21
- - open-domain-qa
22
- - extractive-qa
23
- paperswithcode_id: squad
24
  ---
25
 
26
- # Dataset Card for "squad_v2"
27
-
28
- ## Table of Contents
29
- - [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
30
- - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
31
- - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
32
- - [Languages](#languages)
33
- - [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
34
- - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
35
- - [Data Fields](#data-fields)
36
- - [Data Splits](#data-splits)
37
- - [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
38
- - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
39
- - [Source Data](#source-data)
40
- - [Annotations](#annotations)
41
- - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
42
- - [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
43
- - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
44
- - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
45
- - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
46
- - [Additional Information](#additional-information)
47
- - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
48
- - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
49
- - [Citation Information](#citation-information)
50
- - [Contributions](#contributions)
51
 
52
  ## Dataset Description
53
 
54
- - **Homepage:** [https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/)
55
- - **Repository:** [https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/)
56
- - **Paper:** [SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text](https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05250)
57
- - **Point of Contact:** [Google Group](https://groups.google.com/g/squad-stanford-qa) or [robinjia]([email protected])
58
- - **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 44.34 MB
59
- - **Size of the generated dataset:** 122.57 MB
60
- - **Total amount of disk used:** 166.91 MB
61
 
62
- ### Dataset Summary
63
 
64
- Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) is a reading comprehension dataset, consisting of questions posed by crowdworkers on a set of Wikipedia articles, where the answer to every question is a segment of text, or span, from the corresponding reading passage, or the question might be unanswerable.
65
 
66
- SQuAD2.0 combines the 100,000 questions in SQuAD1.1 with over 50,000 unanswerable questions written adversarially by crowdworkers
67
- to look similar to answerable ones. To do well on SQuAD2.0, systems must not only answer questions when possible, but
68
- also determine when no answer is supported by the paragraph and abstain from answering.
69
 
70
- ### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
71
 
72
- SQuAD2.0 tests the ability of a system to not only answer reading comprehension questions, but also abstain when presented with a question that cannot be answered based on the provided paragraph. Leaderboard is present on the [Homepage](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/).
 
 
 
 
 
73
 
74
- ### Languages
 
75
 
76
- English (en)
 
77
 
78
- ## Dataset Structure
 
79
 
80
- We show detailed information for up to 5 configurations of the dataset.
81
 
82
- ### Data Instances
83
 
84
- #### squad_v2
85
 
86
- - **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 146.21 MB
87
- - **Size of the generated dataset:** 122.70 MB
88
- - **Total amount of disk used:** 268.90 MB
89
 
90
- An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
91
- ```JSON
92
- This example was too long and was cropped:
93
 
94
- {
95
- "gem_id": "gem-squad_v2-validation-1",
96
- "id": "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629",
97
- "answers": {
98
- "answer_start": [94, 87, 94, 94],
99
- "text": ["10th and 11th centuries", "in the 10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries"]
100
- },
101
- "context": "\"The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave thei...",
102
- "question": "When were the Normans in Normandy?",
103
- "title": "Normans"
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
104
  }
105
  ```
106
 
107
- ### Data Fields
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
108
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
109
  The data fields are the same among all splits.
110
 
111
  #### squad_v2
 
112
  - `id`: a `string` feature.
113
  - `gem_id`: a `string` feature.
114
  - `title`: a `string` feature.
@@ -118,100 +216,380 @@ The data fields are the same among all splits.
118
  - `text`: a `string` feature.
119
  - `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
120
 
121
- ### Data Splits
122
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
123
  The original SQuAD2.0 dataset has only training and dev (validation) splits. The train split is further divided into test split and added as part of the GEM datasets.
124
 
125
- | name | train | validation | test |
126
- | --------- | -----: | ---------: | ----: |
127
- | squad_v2 | 90403 | 11873 | 39916 |
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
128
 
 
 
 
129
 
130
- ## Dataset Creation
131
 
132
- ### Curation Rationale
 
 
133
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
134
  The dataset is curated in three stages:
135
  - Curating passages,
136
  - Crowdsourcing question-answers on those passages,
137
  - Obtaining additional answers
138
-
139
- As part of SQuAD1.1, 10000 high-quality articles from English Wikipedia is extracted using Project Nayuki’s Wikipedia’s internal
140
- PageRanks, from which 536 articles are sampled uniformly at random. From each of these articles, individual paragraphs are extracted, stripping away images, figures, tables, and discarding paragraphs shorter than 500 characters.
141
 
142
  SQuAD2.0 combines the 100,000 questions in SQuAD1.1 with over 50,000 unanswerable questions written adversarially by crowdworkers to look similar to answerable ones.
143
 
144
- ### Source Data
145
 
146
- #### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
147
 
148
- [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
 
 
 
149
 
150
- #### Who are the source language producers?
151
 
152
- [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
 
 
153
 
154
- ### Annotations
155
 
156
- #### Annotation process
 
 
157
 
158
- The Daemo platform (Gaikwad et al., 2015), with Amazon Mechanical Turk as its backend is used for annotation.
159
 
160
- - On each paragraph, crowdworkers were tasked with asking and answering up to 5 questions on the content of that paragraph and were asked spend 4 minutes on every paragraph. Questions need to be entered in a text box and answers need to be highlighted in the paragraph.
161
- - To get an indication of human performance on SQuAD and to make the evaluation more robust, at least 2 additional answers for each question is obtained in the development and test sets.
162
- - In the secondary answer generation task, each crowdworker was shown only the questions along with the paragraphs of an article,
163
- and asked to select the shortest span in the paragraph that answered the question. If a question was not answerable by a span in the paragraph, workers were asked to submit the question without marking an answer
164
 
165
- #### Who are the annotators?
166
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
167
  Crowdworkers from the United States or Canada with a 97% HIT acceptance rate, a minimum of 1000 HITs, were employed to create questions.
168
 
169
- ### Personal and Sensitive Information
170
 
171
- [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
 
 
172
 
173
- ## Considerations for Using the Data
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
174
 
175
- ### Social Impact of Dataset
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
176
 
177
- [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
178
 
179
  ### Discussion of Biases
180
 
181
- [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
182
 
183
- ### Other Known Limitations
 
 
184
 
185
- [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
186
 
187
- ## Additional Information
188
 
189
- ### Dataset Curators
190
 
191
- The authors of SQuAD dataset would like to thank Durim Morina and Professor Michael Bernstein for their help in crowdsourcing the collection of the dataset, both in terms of funding and technical support of the Daemo platform.
192
 
193
- ### Licensing Information
194
 
195
- The dataset is distributed under the [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode) license.
196
 
197
- ### Citation Information
198
 
199
- ```
200
- @article{2016arXiv160605250R,
201
- author = {{Rajpurkar}, Pranav and {Zhang}, Jian and {Lopyrev},
202
- Konstantin and {Liang}, Percy},
203
- title = "{SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text}",
204
- journal = {arXiv e-prints},
205
- year = 2016,
206
- eid = {arXiv:1606.05250},
207
- pages = {arXiv:1606.05250},
208
- archivePrefix = {arXiv},
209
- eprint = {1606.05250},
210
- }
211
 
212
- ```
 
213
 
214
 
215
- ### Contributions
216
 
217
- Thanks to [@AbinayaM02](https://github.com/AbinayaM02) for adding this dataset to GEM. All the details are obtained from the cited paper.
 
1
  ---
 
2
  annotations_creators:
3
+ - crowd-sourced
4
  language_creators:
5
+ - unknown
6
  languages:
7
+ - unknown
8
  licenses:
9
  - cc-by-sa-4.0
10
  multilinguality:
11
+ - unknown
12
+ pretty_name: squad_v2
13
  size_categories:
14
+ - unknown
15
  source_datasets:
16
  - original
17
  task_categories:
 
18
  - question-generation
19
  task_ids:
20
+ - unknown
 
 
21
  ---
22
 
23
+ # Dataset Card for GEM/squad_v2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24
 
25
  ## Dataset Description
26
 
27
+ - **Homepage:** https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/
28
+ - **Repository:** https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/
29
+ - **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03822v1
30
+ - **Leaderboard:** https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/
31
+ - **Point of Contact:** Robin Jia
 
 
32
 
33
+ ### Link to Main Data Card
34
 
35
+ You can find the main data card on the [GEM Website](https://gem-benchmark.com/data_cards/squad_v2).
36
 
37
+ ### Dataset Summary
 
 
38
 
39
+ SQuAD2.0 is a dataset that tests the ability of a system to not only answer reading comprehension questions, but also abstain when presented with a question that cannot be answered based on the provided paragraph. F1 score is used to evaluate models on the leaderboard. In GEM, we are using this dataset for the question-generation task in which a model should generate squad-like questions from an input text.
40
 
41
+ You can load the dataset via:
42
+ ```
43
+ import datasets
44
+ data = datasets.load_dataset('GEM/squad_v2')
45
+ ```
46
+ The data loader can be found [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GEM/squad_v2).
47
 
48
+ #### website
49
+ [Website](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/)
50
 
51
+ #### paper
52
+ [Arxiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03822v1)
53
 
54
+ #### authors
55
+ Pranav Rajpurkar, Robin Jia and Percy Liang
56
 
57
+ ## Dataset Overview
58
 
59
+ ### Where to find the Data and its Documentation
60
 
61
+ #### Webpage
62
 
63
+ <!-- info: What is the webpage for the dataset (if it exists)? -->
64
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
65
+ [Website](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/)
66
 
67
+ #### Download
 
 
68
 
69
+ <!-- info: What is the link to where the original dataset is hosted? -->
70
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
71
+ [Website](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/)
72
+
73
+ #### Paper
74
+
75
+ <!-- info: What is the link to the paper describing the dataset (open access preferred)? -->
76
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
77
+ [Arxiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03822v1)
78
+
79
+ #### BibTex
80
+
81
+ <!-- info: Provide the BibTex-formatted reference for the dataset. Please use the correct published version (ACL anthology, etc.) instead of google scholar created Bibtex. -->
82
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
83
+ ```
84
+ @inproceedings{Rajpurkar2018KnowWY,
85
+ title={Know What You Don’t Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuAD},
86
+ author={Pranav Rajpurkar and Robin Jia and Percy Liang},
87
+ booktitle={ACL},
88
+ year={2018}
89
  }
90
  ```
91
 
92
+ #### Contact Name
93
+
94
+ <!-- quick -->
95
+ <!-- info: If known, provide the name of at least one person the reader can contact for questions about the dataset. -->
96
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
97
+ Robin Jia
98
+
99
+ #### Contact Email
100
+
101
+ <!-- info: If known, provide the email of at least one person the reader can contact for questions about the dataset. -->
102
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
103
104
+
105
+ #### Has a Leaderboard?
106
+
107
+ <!-- info: Does the dataset have an active leaderboard? -->
108
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
109
+ yes
110
+
111
+ #### Leaderboard Link
112
+
113
+ <!-- info: Provide a link to the leaderboard. -->
114
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
115
+ [Website](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/)
116
+
117
+ #### Leaderboard Details
118
+
119
+ <!-- info: Briefly describe how the leaderboard evaluates models. -->
120
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
121
+ SQuAD2.0 tests the ability of a system to not only answer reading comprehension questions, but also abstain when presented with a question that cannot be answered based on the provided paragraph. F1 score is used to evaluate models on the leaderboard.
122
+
123
+
124
+ ### Languages and Intended Use
125
+
126
+ #### Multilingual?
127
+
128
+ <!-- quick -->
129
+ <!-- info: Is the dataset multilingual? -->
130
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
131
+ no
132
+
133
+ #### Covered Languages
134
+
135
+ <!-- quick -->
136
+ <!-- info: What languages/dialects are covered in the dataset? -->
137
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
138
+ `English`
139
+
140
+ #### License
141
+
142
+ <!-- quick -->
143
+ <!-- info: What is the license of the dataset? -->
144
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
145
+ cc-by-sa-4.0: Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International
146
+
147
+ #### Intended Use
148
+
149
+ <!-- info: What is the intended use of the dataset? -->
150
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
151
+ The idea behind SQuAD2.0 dataset is to make the models understand when a question cannot be answered given a context. This will help in building models such that they know what they don't know, and therefore make the models understand language at a deeper level. The tasks that can be supported by the dataset are machine reading comprehension, extractive QA, and question generation.
152
+
153
+ #### Primary Task
154
+
155
+ <!-- info: What primary task does the dataset support? -->
156
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
157
+ Question Generation
158
+
159
+ #### Communicative Goal
160
+
161
+ <!-- quick -->
162
+ <!-- info: Provide a short description of the communicative goal of a model trained for this task on this dataset. -->
163
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
164
+ Given an input passage and an answer span, the goal is to generate a question that asks for the answer.
165
+
166
+
167
+ ### Credit
168
+
169
+ #### Curation Organization Type(s)
170
+
171
+ <!-- info: In what kind of organization did the dataset curation happen? -->
172
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
173
+ `academic`
174
 
175
+ #### Curation Organization(s)
176
+
177
+ <!-- info: Name the organization(s). -->
178
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
179
+ Stanford University
180
+
181
+ #### Dataset Creators
182
+
183
+ <!-- info: Who created the original dataset? List the people involved in collecting the dataset and their affiliation(s). -->
184
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
185
+ Pranav Rajpurkar, Robin Jia and Percy Liang
186
+
187
+ #### Funding
188
+
189
+ <!-- info: Who funded the data creation? -->
190
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
191
+ Facebook and NSF Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-114747
192
+
193
+ #### Who added the Dataset to GEM?
194
+
195
+ <!-- info: Who contributed to the data card and adding the dataset to GEM? List the people+affiliations involved in creating this data card and who helped integrate this dataset into GEM. -->
196
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
197
+ (Abinaya Mahendiran)[https://github.com/AbinayaM02], Manager Data Science, NEXT Labs,
198
+
199
+
200
+ ### Dataset Structure
201
+
202
+ #### Data Fields
203
+
204
+ <!-- info: List and describe the fields present in the dataset. -->
205
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
206
  The data fields are the same among all splits.
207
 
208
  #### squad_v2
209
+
210
  - `id`: a `string` feature.
211
  - `gem_id`: a `string` feature.
212
  - `title`: a `string` feature.
 
216
  - `text`: a `string` feature.
217
  - `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
218
 
219
+ #### Example Instance
220
 
221
+ <!-- info: Provide a JSON formatted example of a typical instance in the dataset. -->
222
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
223
+ Here is an example of a validation data point. This example was too long and was cropped:
224
+
225
+ ```
226
+ {
227
+ "gem_id": "gem-squad_v2-validation-1",
228
+ "id": "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629",
229
+ "answers": {
230
+ "answer_start": [94, 87, 94, 94],
231
+ "text": ["10th and 11th centuries", "in the 10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries"]
232
+ },
233
+ "context": "\"The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave thei...",
234
+ "question": "When were the Normans in Normandy?",
235
+ "title": "Normans"
236
+ }
237
+ ```
238
+
239
+ #### Data Splits
240
+
241
+ <!-- info: Describe and name the splits in the dataset if there are more than one. -->
242
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
243
  The original SQuAD2.0 dataset has only training and dev (validation) splits. The train split is further divided into test split and added as part of the GEM datasets.
244
 
245
+ | name | train | validation | test |
246
+ | -------------- | --------: | -------------: | -------: |
247
+ | squad_v2 | 90403 | 11873 | 39916 |
248
+
249
+
250
+
251
+ ## Dataset in GEM
252
+
253
+ ### Rationale for Inclusion in GEM
254
+
255
+ #### Why is the Dataset in GEM?
256
+
257
+ <!-- info: What does this dataset contribute toward better generation evaluation and why is it part of GEM? -->
258
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
259
+ SQuAD2.0 will encourage the development of new reading comprehension models
260
+ that know what they don’t know, and therefore understand language at a deeper level. It can also help in building better models for answer-aware question generation .
261
+
262
+ #### Similar Datasets
263
+
264
+ <!-- info: Do other datasets for the high level task exist? -->
265
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
266
+ no
267
+
268
+ #### Unique Language Coverage
269
+
270
+ <!-- info: Does this dataset cover other languages than other datasets for the same task? -->
271
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
272
+ yes
273
+
274
+ #### Ability that the Dataset measures
275
+
276
+ <!-- info: What aspect of model ability can be measured with this dataset? -->
277
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
278
+ Reasoning capability
279
+
280
+
281
+ ### GEM-Specific Curation
282
+
283
+ #### Modificatied for GEM?
284
+
285
+ <!-- info: Has the GEM version of the dataset been modified in any way (data, processing, splits) from the original curated data? -->
286
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
287
+ yes
288
+
289
+ #### GEM Modifications
290
 
291
+ <!-- info: What changes have been made to he original dataset? -->
292
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
293
+ `other`
294
 
295
+ #### Additional Splits?
296
 
297
+ <!-- info: Does GEM provide additional splits to the dataset? -->
298
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
299
+ yes
300
 
301
+ #### Split Information
302
+
303
+ <!-- info: Describe how the new splits were created -->
304
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
305
+ The train(80%) and validation(10%) split of SQuAD2.0 are made available to public whereas the test(10%) split is not available.
306
+
307
+ As part of GEM, the train split, 80% of the original data is split into two train split (90%) and test split (remaining 10%). The idea is to provide all three splits for the users to use.
308
+
309
+
310
+ ### Getting Started with the Task
311
+
312
+
313
+
314
+
315
+ ## Previous Results
316
+
317
+ ### Previous Results
318
+
319
+ #### Measured Model Abilities
320
+
321
+ <!-- info: What aspect of model ability can be measured with this dataset? -->
322
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
323
+ Extractive QA, Question Generation
324
+
325
+ #### Metrics
326
+
327
+ <!-- info: What metrics are typically used for this task? -->
328
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
329
+ `Other: Other Metrics`, `METEOR`, `ROUGE`, `BLEU`
330
+
331
+ #### Other Metrics
332
+
333
+ <!-- info: Definitions of other metrics -->
334
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
335
+ - Extractive QA uses Exact Match and F1 Score
336
+ - Question generation users METEOR, ROUGE-L, BLEU-4
337
+
338
+ #### Previous results available?
339
+
340
+ <!-- info: Are previous results available? -->
341
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
342
+ yes
343
+
344
+ #### Other Evaluation Approaches
345
+
346
+ <!-- info: What evaluation approaches have others used? -->
347
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
348
+ Question generation users METEOR, ROUGE-L, BLEU-4
349
+
350
+ #### Relevant Previous Results
351
+
352
+ <!-- info: What are the most relevant previous results for this task/dataset? -->
353
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
354
+ @article{Dong2019UnifiedLM,
355
+ title={Unified Language Model Pre-training for Natural Language Understanding and Generation},
356
+ author={Li Dong and Nan Yang and Wenhui Wang and Furu Wei and Xiaodong Liu and Yu Wang and Jianfeng Gao and M. Zhou and Hsiao-Wuen Hon},
357
+ journal={ArXiv},
358
+ year={2019},
359
+ volume={abs/1905.03197}
360
+ }
361
+
362
+
363
+
364
+ ## Dataset Curation
365
+
366
+ ### Original Curation
367
+
368
+ #### Original Curation Rationale
369
+
370
+ <!-- info: Original curation rationale -->
371
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
372
  The dataset is curated in three stages:
373
  - Curating passages,
374
  - Crowdsourcing question-answers on those passages,
375
  - Obtaining additional answers
376
+ As part of SQuAD1.1, 10000 high-quality articles from English Wikipedia is extracted using Project Nayuki’s Wikipedia’s internal PageRanks, from which 536 articles are sampled uniformly at random. From each of these articles, individual paragraphs are extracted, stripping away images, figures, tables, and discarding paragraphs shorter than 500 characters.
 
 
377
 
378
  SQuAD2.0 combines the 100,000 questions in SQuAD1.1 with over 50,000 unanswerable questions written adversarially by crowdworkers to look similar to answerable ones.
379
 
 
380
 
381
+ #### Communicative Goal
382
+
383
+ <!-- info: What was the communicative goal? -->
384
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
385
+ To build systems that not only answer questions when possible, but also determine when no
386
+ answer is supported by the paragraph and abstain from answering.
387
+
388
+ #### Sourced from Different Sources
389
+
390
+ <!-- info: Is the dataset aggregated from different data sources? -->
391
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
392
+ yes
393
+
394
+ #### Source Details
395
+
396
+ <!-- info: List the sources (one per line) -->
397
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
398
+ Wikipedia
399
+
400
+
401
+ ### Language Data
402
+
403
+ #### How was Language Data Obtained?
404
+
405
+ <!-- info: How was the language data obtained? -->
406
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
407
+ `Found`
408
+
409
+ #### Where was it found?
410
+
411
+ <!-- info: If found, where from? -->
412
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
413
+ `Single website`
414
+
415
+ #### Topics Covered
416
+
417
+ <!-- info: Does the language in the dataset focus on specific topics? How would you describe them? -->
418
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
419
+ The dataset contains 536 articles covering a wide range of topics, from musical celebrities to abstract concepts.
420
+
421
+ #### Data Validation
422
+
423
+ <!-- info: Was the text validated by a different worker or a data curator? -->
424
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
425
+ validated by crowdworker
426
+
427
+ #### Data Preprocessing
428
 
429
+ <!-- info: How was the text data pre-processed? (Enter N/A if the text was not pre-processed) -->
430
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
431
+ From the sampled articles from Wikipedia, individual paragraphs are extracted, stripping
432
+ away images, figures, tables, and discarding paragraphs shorter than 500 characters and partitioned into training(80%), development set(10%) and test set(10%).
433
 
434
+ #### Was Data Filtered?
435
 
436
+ <!-- info: Were text instances selected or filtered? -->
437
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
438
+ algorithmically
439
 
440
+ #### Filter Criteria
441
 
442
+ <!-- info: What were the selection criteria? -->
443
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
444
+ To retrieve high-quality articles, Project Nayuki’s Wikipedia’s internal PageRanks was used to obtain the top 10000 articles of English Wikipedia, from which 536 articles are sampled uniformly at random.
445
 
 
446
 
447
+ ### Structured Annotations
 
 
 
448
 
449
+ #### Additional Annotations?
450
 
451
+ <!-- quick -->
452
+ <!-- info: Does the dataset have additional annotations for each instance? -->
453
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
454
+ crowd-sourced
455
+
456
+ #### Number of Raters
457
+
458
+ <!-- info: What is the number of raters -->
459
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
460
+ unknown
461
+
462
+ #### Rater Qualifications
463
+
464
+ <!-- info: Describe the qualifications required of an annotator. -->
465
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
466
  Crowdworkers from the United States or Canada with a 97% HIT acceptance rate, a minimum of 1000 HITs, were employed to create questions.
467
 
468
+ #### Raters per Training Example
469
 
470
+ <!-- info: How many annotators saw each training example? -->
471
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
472
+ 0
473
 
474
+ #### Raters per Test Example
475
+
476
+ <!-- info: How many annotators saw each test example? -->
477
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
478
+ 0
479
+
480
+ #### Annotation Service?
481
+
482
+ <!-- info: Was an annotation service used? -->
483
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
484
+ yes
485
+
486
+ #### Which Annotation Service
487
+
488
+ <!-- info: Which annotation services were used? -->
489
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
490
+ `other`, `Amazon Mechanical Turk`
491
+
492
+ #### Annotation Values
493
+
494
+ <!-- info: Purpose and values for each annotation -->
495
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
496
+ For SQuAD 1.1 , crowdworkers were tasked with asking and answering up to 5 questions on the
497
+ content of that paragraph. The questions had to be entered in a text field, and the answers had to be
498
+ highlighted in the paragraph.
499
+
500
+ For SQuAD2.0, each task consisted of an entire article from SQuAD 1.1. For each paragraph in the article, workers were asked to pose up to five questions that were impossible to answer
501
+ based on the paragraph alone, while referencing entities in the paragraph and ensuring that a plausible answer is present.
502
+
503
+ #### Any Quality Control?
504
+
505
+ <!-- info: Quality control measures? -->
506
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
507
+ validated by another rater
508
+
509
+ #### Quality Control Details
510
+
511
+ <!-- info: Describe the quality control measures that were taken. -->
512
+ <!-- scope: microscope -->
513
+ Questions from workers who wrote 25 or fewer questions on an article is removed; this filter
514
+ helped remove noise from workers who had trouble understanding the task, and therefore quit before completing the whole article. This filter to both SQuAD2.0 and the existing answerable questions from SQuAD 1.1.
515
+
516
+
517
+ ### Consent
518
+
519
+ #### Any Consent Policy?
520
+
521
+ <!-- info: Was there a consent policy involved when gathering the data? -->
522
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
523
+ no
524
+
525
+
526
+ ### Private Identifying Information (PII)
527
 
528
+ #### Contains PII?
529
+
530
+ <!-- quick -->
531
+ <!-- info: Does the source language data likely contain Personal Identifying Information about the data creators or subjects? -->
532
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
533
+ unlikely
534
+
535
+ #### Any PII Identification?
536
+
537
+ <!-- info: Did the curators use any automatic/manual method to identify PII in the dataset? -->
538
+ <!-- scope: periscope -->
539
+ no identification
540
+
541
+
542
+ ### Maintenance
543
+
544
+ #### Any Maintenance Plan?
545
+
546
+ <!-- info: Does the original dataset have a maintenance plan? -->
547
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
548
+ no
549
+
550
+
551
+
552
+ ## Broader Social Context
553
+
554
+ ### Previous Work on the Social Impact of the Dataset
555
+
556
+ #### Usage of Models based on the Data
557
+
558
+ <!-- info: Are you aware of cases where models trained on the task featured in this dataset ore related tasks have been used in automated systems? -->
559
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
560
+ no
561
+
562
+
563
+ ### Impact on Under-Served Communities
564
+
565
+ #### Addresses needs of underserved Communities?
566
+
567
+ <!-- info: Does this dataset address the needs of communities that are traditionally underserved in language technology, and particularly language generation technology? Communities may be underserved for exemple because their language, language variety, or social or geographical context is underepresented in NLP and NLG resources (datasets and models). -->
568
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
569
+ no
570
 
 
571
 
572
  ### Discussion of Biases
573
 
574
+ #### Any Documented Social Biases?
575
 
576
+ <!-- info: Are there documented social biases in the dataset? Biases in this context are variations in the ways members of different social categories are represented that can have harmful downstream consequences for members of the more disadvantaged group. -->
577
+ <!-- scope: telescope -->
578
+ yes
579
 
 
580
 
 
581
 
582
+ ## Considerations for Using the Data
583
 
584
+ ### PII Risks and Liability
585
 
 
586
 
 
587
 
588
+ ### Licenses
589
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
590
 
591
+
592
+ ### Known Technical Limitations
593
 
594
 
 
595